Hadronic interaction model dependence in cosmic Gamma-ray flux estimation using an extensive air shower array with a muon detector-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.1007/s10686-022-09883-4

发表时间：

2023-01

期刊：

Experimental Astronomy

影响因子：

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

物理与天体物理4区

文献类型：

作者：

S. Okukawa;M. Anzorena;S. Asano;C. A. H. Condori;E. de la Fuente;A. Gomi;K. Hibino;N. Hotta;A. Jiménez-Meza;Y. Katayose;C. Kato;S. Kato;T. Kawashima;K. Kawata;T. Koi;H. Kojima;D. Kurashige;J. Lozoya;R. Mayta;P. Miranda;K. Munakata;K. Nagaya;Y. Nakamura;Y. Nakazawa;C. Nina;M. Nishizawa;S. Ogio;M. Ohnishi;A. Oshima;M. Raljević;H. Rivera;T. Saito;Y. Sakakibara;T. Sako;T. Sako;S. Shibata;A. Shiomi;M. Subieta;N. Tajima;W. Takano;M. Takita;Y. Tameda;K. Tanaka;R. Ticona;I. Toledano–Juárez;H. Tsuchiya;Y. Tsunesada;S. Udo;K. Yamazaki;Y. Yokoe

通过西藏ASγ、HAWC和LHAASO实验，利用空气簇射的高能γ射线观测技术取得了显著进展。这些观测对北方天空的次PeV区域的伽马射线天文学做出了重大贡献。此外，在南部天空，ALPACA实验正在玻利维亚查卡尔塔亚高原海拔4，740米处进行。本实验利用蒙特卡罗模拟计算出的伽马射线探测效率，通过真实的数据，利用在源和离源事件数之差来估算伽马射线通量，而这又取决于强子相互作用模型。尽管宇宙射线背景事件的数量可以通过实验来估计，但这种模型依赖性影响了对伽马射线探测效率的估计。然而，以前的报告都假设模型的依赖性是可以忽略不计的，并没有包括它的伽玛射线通量估计的误差。利用ALPACA的原型实验ALPAQUITA，我们首次定量评价了强子相互作用模型对模型的依赖性。在ALPAQUITA进行的典型伽马射线通量估计中，我们评估模型对强子相互作用的依赖性小于3.6%;与其他不确定性（例如6至300 TeV能量范围内的能量标度不确定性）相比，这是可以忽略不计的，这是由蒙特卡罗统计决定的。预计3.6%的模型依赖性上限适用于ALPACA。

Observation techniques of high-energy gamma rays using air showers have remarkably progressed via the Tibet ASγ, HAWC, and LHAASO experiments. These observations have significantly contributed to gamma-ray astronomy in the northern sky’s sub-PeV region. Moreover, in the southern sky, the ALPACA experiment is underway at 4,740 m altitude on the Chacaltaya plateau in Bolivia. This experiment estimates the gamma-ray flux from the difference between the number of on-source and off-source events by real data, utilizing the gamma-ray detection efficiency calculated through Monte Carlo simulations, which in turn depends on the hadronic interaction models. Even though the number of cosmic-ray background events can be experimentally estimated, this model dependence affects the estimation of gamma-ray detection efficiency. However, previous reports have assumed that the model dependence is negligible and have not included it in the error of gamma-ray flux estimation. Using ALPAQUITA, the prototype experiment of ALPACA, we quantitatively evaluated the model dependence on hadronic interaction models for the first time. We evaluate the model dependence on hadronic interactions as less than 3.6 % in the typical gamma-ray flux estimation performed by ALPAQUITA; this is negligible compared with other uncertainties such as energy scale uncertainty in the energy range from 6 to 300 TeV, which is dominated by the Monte Carlo statistics. This upper limit of 3.6 % model dependence is expected to apply to ALPACA.

Hadronic interaction model dependence in cosmic Gamma-ray flux estimation using an extensive air shower array with a muon detector

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