Born knowing: tentacled snakes innately predict future prey behavior.
Born knowing: tentacled snakes innately predict future prey behavior.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0010953
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发表时间：
2010-06-16
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Catania KC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Catania KC
水生触手蛇（Erpeton tentaculatus）可以利用猎物的逃跑反应，在攻击之前用身体惊吓鱼类。这一佯攻动作通常会把鱼吓得不敢靠近蛇的下颚。但当鱼的方向与下颚成直角时，c型开始的逃跑反应使鱼平行于蛇头。为了利用后一种反应，蛇必须预测鱼未来的位置。成年蛇可以做出这种预测。这是后天习得的，还是有触手的蛇天生就能预测鱼类未来的行为？实验室出生的naïve蛇在攻击鱼类时被研究。实验以每秒250或500帧的速度记录。为了防止学习，把蛇放在一个透明的水容器里，底部是透明的薄片或玻璃。这个房间被放置在一个单独的水族箱的通道上，下面有鱼。因此，蛇可以看到和攻击鱼，没有接触。蛇的身体假动作引起了透明片下面的鱼的c -start，从而使攻击精度与c -start的关系得以量化。当鱼的方向与下颚成直角时，naïve蛇将它们的攻击偏向于逃跑的鱼头的未来位置，这样蛇的下颚和鱼的平移头部通常会聚在一起。观察到几种不同类型的预测打击。研究结果表明，一些捕食者已经调整了它们的神经系统，在通常需要学习的感官领域直接补偿猎物未来的行为。新生的触手蛇表现出的行为不是在它们的一生中选择的，而是在不同的尺度上——在许多代中——被选择的。鱼类的反适应是不可能的，因为有触手的蛇是罕见的捕食者，利用鱼类通常具有适应性的反应。
Aquatic tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatus) can take advantage of their prey's escape response by startling fish with their body before striking. The feint usually startles fish toward the snake's approaching jaws. But when fish are oriented at a right angle to the jaws, the C-start escape response translates fish parallel to the snake's head. To exploit this latter response, snakes must predict the future location of the fish. Adult snakes can make this prediction. Is it learned, or are tentacled snakes born able to predict future fish behavior? Laboratory-born, naïve snakes were investigated as they struck at fish. Trials were recorded at 250 or 500 frames per second. To prevent learning, snakes were placed in a water container with a clear transparency sheet or glass bottom. The chamber was placed over a channel in a separate aquarium with fish below. Thus snakes could see and strike at fish, without contact. The snake's body feint elicited C-starts in the fish below the transparency sheet, allowing strike accuracy to be quantified in relationship to the C-starts. When fish were oriented at a right angle to the jaws, naïve snakes biased their strikes to the future location of the escaping fish's head, such that the snake's jaws and the fish's translating head usually converged. Several different types of predictive strikes were observed. The results show that some predators have adapted their nervous systems to directly compensate for the future behavior of prey in a sensory realm that usually requires learning. Instead of behavior selected during their lifetime, newborn tentacled snakes exhibit behavior that has been selected on a different scale—over many generations. Counter adaptations in fish are not expected, as tentacled snakes are rare predators exploiting fish responses that are usually adaptive.
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