Evaluating the environmental impact of crude glycerol purification derived from biodiesel production: A comparative life cycle assessment study
Evaluating the environmental impact of crude glycerol purification derived from biodiesel production: A comparative life cycle assessment study
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评估生物柴油生产中的粗甘油纯化对环境的影响：比较生命周期评估研究
DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140485
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发表时间：
2024
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Bansod Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bansod Y
近几十年来，作为生物柴油生产的废物，大量产生了剩余的粗甘油，导致生物柴油行业供应链出现瓶颈。这种废甘油代表了一种重要的潜在可再生原料和平台化学品;然而，通常需要对其进行纯化以进行进一步加工。正在使用旨在改善生物柴油行业环境足迹的可持续纯化技术，推进甘油纯化。在文献中可以找到许多研究集中在各种技术来纯化甘油;然而，很少有研究来评估纯化过程的环境影响。本文提供了一个关键的研究摇篮到门的生命周期评价（LCA）的3种不同的工艺纯化粗甘油，即物理化学处理和膜纯化（PMP）的过程，真空蒸馏纯化（VDP）的过程和离子交换纯化（IEP）的过程具有一个功能单元（FU）的1000公斤纯化甘油。使用白杨plus软件v12.1结合Super Pro Designer v13对这些纯化过程进行建模。CCaLC 2（工业活动生命周期的碳计算）用于衡量与每个过程相关的环境影响。通过遵循ISO 14044：2006方法并利用CCaLC 2工具，对七种不同类型的潜在环境影响进行了研究，包括碳足迹、水足迹、酸化、富营养化、臭氧层消耗、光化学烟雾和人体毒性。使用响应面法（RSM）进行了LCA的敏感性分析，以确定LCA内最有效的参数。PMP、VDP和IEP工艺的总碳足迹分别为3466.82、1745.72和2239.71千克CO2当量。分别为FU-1。LCA研究确定，三种工艺中粗甘油杂质产生的废物对整个工艺的环境影响最大。对于PMP和IEP工艺，物理化学处理中使用的原材料也会显著增加碳足迹和其他环境影响。最后，通过分析不同来源的原材料以及改变的废物处理方法（即焚烧产生的废物而不是填埋），解决了PMP甘油纯化工艺对环境影响的相关问题，以减少总体环境影响。对于碳足迹最高的PMP工艺，使用不同来源的原材料和改变废物处理方式，使总碳足迹减少39%，臭氧层消耗总量减少54%。LCA的敏感性分析表明，粗甘油中的甘油含量是最重要的参数。
In recent decades, surplus crude glycerol has been generated in large amounts as a waste product of biodiesel production, leading to bottlenecks in the supply chain of the biodiesel industry. This waste glycerol represents an important potential renewable feedstock and platform chemical; however, its purification is often needed for further processing. Advancements towards glycerol purification are being made using sustainable purification techniques aimed at improving the biodiesel industry's environmental footprint. Many studies focussing on various techniques to purify glycerol can be found in the literature; however, very few studies to evaluate the environmental impacts of the purification processes have been reported. This paper provides a critical investigation on the cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of three different processes for purifying crude glycerol, namely, physicochemical treatment and membrane purification (PMP) processes, vacuum distillation purification (VDP) processes and ion exchange purification (IEP) processes having a functional unit (FU) of 1000 kg of purified glycerol. These purification processes were modelled using Aspen plus software v12.1 in combination with Super Pro Designer v13. CCaLC2 (Carbon Calculations over the Life Cycle of Industrial Activities) was used to measure the environmental impacts associated with each process. By following the ISO 14044:2006 methodology and utilising the CCaLC2 tool, seven different types of potential environmental impacts have been investigated, which include carbon footprint, water footprint, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, photochemical smog and human toxicity. Sensitivity analysis of the LCA was carried out using the response surface method (RSM) to determine the most effective parameter within the LCA. The total carbon footprint of the PMP, VDP and IEP processes are 3466.82, 1745.72 and 2239.71 kg CO2eq. FU−1respectively. The LCA study determined that waste generated as a result of crude glycerol impurities from the three processes had one of the highest environmental impacts on the overall process. For the PMP and IEP processes, the raw materials used in the physicochemical treatment also contribute significantly to the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts. Lastly, aspects concerning the environmental impacts from the PMP glycerol purification process have been addressed by analysing the raw materials from different sources accompanied by altered waste disposal methods (i.e. the incineration of generated wastes as opposed to landfilling) in an attempt to reduce the overall environmental impacts. For the PMP process, which has the highest carbon footprint, usage of differently sourced raw materials and altered waste disposal treatments resulted in 39% reduction in total carbon footprint and 54% reduction in the total ozone layer depletion. Sensitivity analysis of the LCA shows that the glycerol content within the crude glycerol was the most significant parameter.
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