Carbon markets and the new ‘Carbon Violence’: A Ugandan study
Carbon markets and the new ‘Carbon Violence’: A Ugandan study
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碳市场和新的“碳暴力”：乌干达的一项研究
DOI：
10.1080/18186874.2014.987956
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Peter Westoby
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kristen Lyons;Peter Westoby
摘要本文探讨了全球碳经济的扩张，包括对其地方影响的批判性评估。作者描述了各国政府、国际机构和金融投资者对碳市场日益增长的国际支持，以应对人为引起的气候变化。支持者认为，通过为碳定价，碳市场代表了一种双赢的局面;为生态系统服务发生的当地土地所有者带来好处，并为投资者和环境带来好处。种植园林业代表了更广泛的碳经济中一个迅速扩大的部门，种植园是能够根据其作为燃料、木材和碳储存的价值进行不同销售的许多“弹性作物”之一。为了研究扩大种植园林碳市场的影响，我们以绿色资源公司为例，据报道，该公司是非洲大陆最大的种植园林经营者。根据2012-2013年对乌干达受影响社区的深入研究，本文探讨了据称种植园林业扩张所依赖的各种历史和当代结构性暴力。在早期关于暴力的文献（例如，Galtung [1990]和Watts [2001]）的基础上，作者引入了一个新术语“碳暴力”，以界定与新兴的种植园林业一起发生的独特形式的报告暴力。
Abstract This article examines the expansion of the global carbon economy, including a critical evaluation of its local level impacts. The authors describe the growing international support for carbon markets amongst governments, international institutions and financial investors as a response to human-induced climate change. By putting a price on carbon, proponents argue that carbon markets represent a win-win-win scenario; delivering benefits to local landholders where ecosystem services occur, as well as conferring benefits to investors and the environment. Plantation forestry represents a rapidly expanding sector in the broader carbon economy, with plantations representing one of a number of ‘flex crops’ able to be variously sold on the basis of their value as fuel, timber and carbon storage. To examine the impacts of expanding plantation forestry carbon markets, we take the case of Green Resources, reportedly the largest plantation forestry operator on the African continent. Drawing from in-depth research in 2012-2013 with affected communities in Uganda, the article examines the diverse historical and contemporary structural violence on which expansion of plantation forestry allegedly relies. Building upon earlier literature on violence (for example, Galtung [1990] and Watts [2001]), the authors introduce a new term ‘carbon violence’ to frame the distinctive forms of reported violence occurring alongside the burgeoning plantation forestry industry.