The extended mind (Active externalism)
The extended mind (Active externalism)
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DOI：
10.1111/1467-8284.00096
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发表时间：
1998-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Chalmers, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clark, A;Chalmers, D
思想在哪里停止，世界的其他部分在哪里开始？这个问题有两个标准答案。有些人接受皮肤和头骨的界限，并说身体之外的东西是心灵之外的。另一些人则对那些认为我们话语的意义“不在头脑中”的论点印象深刻，并认为这种关于意义的外在主义延续到了关于心灵的外在主义。我们建议采取第三种立场。我们提倡一种非常不同的外在主义：一种积极的外在主义，基于环境在驱动认知过程中的积极作用。考虑人类解决问题的三种情况：（1）一个人坐在电脑屏幕前，屏幕上显示各种二维几何形状的图像，并被要求回答有关这些形状与所描绘的“插座”的潜在适合性的问题。为了评估是否合适，这个人必须在心里旋转这些形状，使它们与插座对齐。(2)一个人坐在类似的计算机屏幕前，但这次可以选择通过按旋转按钮物理旋转屏幕上的图像，或者像以前一样在脑海中旋转图像。我们也可以假设，不是不切实际的，一些速度优势积累到物理旋转操作。
Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the boundaries of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words' just ain't in the head', and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third posi-tion. We advocate a very different sort of externalism: an active externalism, based on the active role of the environment in driving cogni-tive processes.2. Extended cognition Consider three cases of human problem-solving:(1) A person sits in front of a computer screen which displays images of various two-dimensional geometric shapes and is asked to answer questions concerning the potential fit of such shapes into depicted'sockets'. To assess fit, the person must mentally rotate the shapes to align them with the sockets.(2) A person sits in front of a similar computer screen, but this time can choose either to physically rotate the image on the screen, by pressing a rotate button, or to mentally rotate the image as before. We can also suppose, not unrealistically, that some speed advantage accrues to the physical rotation operation.