From the City to the Dacha : Socio-cultural Factors Behind the Creation of St. Petersburg’s Dacha Belt (Russia, Nineteenth/Early Twentieth Century)
From the City to the Dacha : Socio-cultural Factors Behind the Creation of St. Petersburg’s Dacha Belt (Russia, Nineteenth/Early Twentieth Century)
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从城市到别墅：圣彼得堡别墅带创建背后的社会文化因素（俄罗斯，十九世纪/二十世纪初）
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-41139-2_6
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Malinova-Tziafeta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Malinova-Tziafeta
本文探讨了如何以及为什么彼得堡城市范围没有见证同样的郊区化，是典型的其他欧洲城市。相反，出现了一大片单户夏季住宅--“别墅”（ordachas）：城市居民在夏季离开城市，只在秋天回到自己的公寓。这一时期的俄罗斯别墅在概念上与城市农业直接相关，当然，不是以我们在当今世界已经习惯的形式。在这种情况下，当时的问题既不是经济危机，也不是粮食短缺。相反，这是解决城市化众多问题的一种特殊方法，它形成了一个特殊的“中间”农业区，与城市紧密相连，几乎成为城市的一部分。在这个城市周围的“休闲区”，农民通常的农业活动被基本的服务业所取代：农民们开始向访问第二家园的dachniki提供所需的服务和产品。这是一个“无人区”，既不能代表城市，也不能代表乡村，生态史与新社会史紧密相连。达恰贝尔特的发展，一部分是由中产阶级（众多的社会群体，在社会阶梯的中间，处于最高贵族和普通工人之间的平衡位置）推动的，一部分是由这个国家的有进取心的居民推动的，他们努力发展与当地达恰尼基人的贸易，达恰已经成为俄罗斯的万灵药--解决众多城市问题的首选方案，也是满足公共需求的最佳方案。在公众讨论彼得堡面临的问题时，别墅不可避免地成为逃避侵略性城市环境和破坏性文化元素的避难所。污水处理设施的建设、传染病的预防、生活方式的改变、压力的加剧、铁路网的扩张、阶级差异和消费者权利的斗争，所有这些话题都以这样或那样的方式影响着乡间别墅带的发展。彼得堡的中产阶级认为，要增强自己的健康、神经和社会地位，最好的办法就是离开城市去避暑。然而，还有其他方法来解决城市的问题...
This article explores how and why the St. Petersburg city limits did not witness the same suburbanization that was typical of other European cities. Instead, a thick belt of single-family summer residences, ordachas, appeared: city-dwellers abandoned the city in the summer months, only to return to their apartments in the autumn.The Russian dacha of this time was conceptually linked directly to the idea ofurban agriculturethough, naturally, not in the form we have become used to in today’s world. In this case, the issue of the day was neither an economic crisis, nor a food deficit. Rather, this was a particular approach to solving the numerous problems of urbanization, by forming a special, “intermediate” type of agricultural area, which was so closely interconnected with theurbis, that it almost became a part of the city.In this “leisure zone” around the city, the usual agricultural activities of peasants were replaced by rudimentary service industries: peasants started offering the services and products in demand amongst thedachnikivisiting their second homes. This was a sort of “no man’s land”—neither truly representative of the city or the country.Ecological history here is closely connected with the new social history. Thedachabelt was partly developed by the middle class (numerous social groups, that were balanced in the center of a social ladder between the highest aristocracy and regular workers), and partly by enterprising inhabitants of the country, who worked to develop trade with thedachnikiin their own locality.Dachas had become a sort of Russian panacea—the preferred solution for a multitude of urban problems and the best solution to public needs. In public discussions of the problems the city of St. Petersburg faced, the dacha inevitably appears as a refuge from the aggressive urban environment and destructive cultural elements. The construction of collector sewage disposal and prevention of infectious diseases, accelerating lifestyles and stress, the spread of railway networks, class differences and the fight for consumer rights—all of these topics had an influence, one way or another, on the development of the dacha belt. The middle class of St. Petersburg believed that the best thing you could do to strengthen your health, nerves and social standing was to set off from the city for the summer retreat. Yet, there were other ways of solving the city’s problems…
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