Farmed animal production in tropical circular food systems
Farmed animal production in tropical circular food systems
复制标题
热带循环食品系统中的养殖动物生产
DOI：
10.1007/s12571-021-01205-4
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
K. Kabir
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Oosting;J. van der Lee;M. Verdegem;M. de Vries;A. Vernooij;Camila Bonilla;K. Kabir
在关于热带畜牧业(陆地畜牧业和水产养殖业)发展的论述中，出现了两个重要的食品系统成果：(1)以足以满足未来健康饮食(包括穷人)的水平提供动物性食品(ASF)；(2)有助于减缓气候变化，最大限度地减少氮和磷的污染。畜牧生产和水产养殖通过增加生产者的粮食多样性和可获得性直接促进粮食安全，也通过增加收入和提高农场复原力间接促进城市消费者的粮食安全。最近，循环作为食品系统发展的一种综合方法脱颖而出。循环性有四个基石：(1)粮食作物具有最高的优先地位(这意味着不存在食物-饲料竞争)，(2)避免损失，(3)回收废物和(4)利用动物来释放人类无法食用的生物量。在这篇综述中，养殖动物在热带循环食品系统中的作用通过四个案例研究进行了介绍，并讨论了循环对食品安全和环境影响的影响。这些病例是西非和哥伦比亚放牧系统中的反刍动物，一般池塘水产养殖中的鱼类，以及印度尼西亚土地有限的乳制品生产。此外，还提出了用于家畜和鱼类饲养的新型蛋白质来源的选择。结论是，养殖动物在循环食品系统中很重要，因为它们使用的土地不适合作物生产，它们改进了作物残留物，并为作物生产提供了粪便。然而，对ASF不断增长的需求给循环性的重要特征带来了压力，如最大限度地减少食物与饲料的竞争，最大限度地利用饲料中的废物，以及肥料的价值。因此，与西方国家的结论一致，食物系统的最大循环性和可持续性只能通过优化动物种群数量来实现。因此，ASF生产对全球粮食安全的可持续贡献是复杂的，不仅是一个技术问题或平衡供需的经济进程的结果。它需要公共、私人和社会参与者需要合作的治理。
In the discourse about the development of farmed animal production (terrestrial livestock production and aquaculture) in the tropics, two important food system outcomes emerge: (1) to supply animal-sourced food (ASF) at a level that suffices healthy future diets, including for poor people, and (2) to contribute to climate change mitigation and minimize pollution with nitrogen and phosphorus. Livestock production and aquaculture contribute to food security directly by increasing producers’ food diversity and availability, but also that of urban consumers, and indirectly through income generation and increased farm resilience. Recently, circularity has come to the fore as an integrated approach to food system development. Circularity has four cornerstones: (1) food crops have highest priority (which implies no food-feed competition), (2) avoid losses, (3) recycle waste and (4) use animals to unlock biomass that humans cannot eat. In this review, the role of farmed animals in circular food systems in the tropics is presented in four case studies and the impacts of circularity on food security and environmental impact mitigation are discussed. The cases are ruminants in grazing systems in West Africa and in Colombia, fish in pond aquaculture in general, and land-limited dairy production in Indonesia. Additionally, options for novel protein sources for use in livestock and fish feeding are presented. It is concluded that farmed animals are important in circular food systems because of their use of land unsuited for crop production, their upgrading of crop residues, and their supply of manure to crop production. Nevertheless, the increasing demand for ASF puts pressure on important characteristics of circularity, such as minimizing food-feed competition, maximization of use of waste streams in feed, and the value of manure for fertilization. Hence, in line with conclusions for Western countries, maximum circularity and sustainability of food systems can only be achieved by optimizing the population size of animals. Thus, a sustainable contribution of ASF production to global food security is complex and in not only a technical matter or outcome of an economic process balancing supply and demand. It requires governance for which public, private, and social actors need to partner.