Social diversity promotes the emergence of cooperation in public goods games
Social diversity promotes the emergence of cooperation in public goods games
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DOI：
10.1038/nature06940
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发表时间：
2008-07-10
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Pacheco, Jorge M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Santos, Francisco C.;Santos, Marta D.;Pacheco, Jorge M.
人类经常在公共物品博弈（1 - 3）以及从家庭问题到全球变暖（4,5）等各种情境中进行合作。然而，进化博弈论预测（4,6），放弃公共利益的诱惑大多会胜过集体合作行动，这在经济实验中也经常可见（7）。在此我们展示社会多样性如何摆脱这一明显的悖论。到目前为止，个体在各个方面都被视为等同（4,8），这与现实生活中多样性无处不在的情况形成鲜明对比。我们通过异质图引入社会多样性，并表明与每个个体参与的公共物品博弈的数量和规模以及个体对每个此类博弈的贡献相关的多样性促进了合作。当社会关系遵循无标度分布（9）时，只要期望所有个体无论参与多少公共物品博弈都贡献固定的量，合作就会得到加强。我们的研究结果可能有助于解释在缺乏基于个人声誉和惩罚的机制（10 - 12）的情况下合作的产生。将社会多样性与声誉和惩罚相结合，将为社会群体的自组织及其经济影响提供有帮助的线索。
Humans often cooperate in public goods games(1-3) and situations ranging from family issues to global warming(4,5). However, evolutionary game theory predicts(4,6) that the temptation to forgo the public good mostly wins over collective cooperative action, and this is often also seen in economic experiments(7). Here we show how social diversity provides an escape from this apparent paradox. Up to now, individuals have been treated as equivalent in all respects(4,8), in sharp contrast with real- life situations, where diversity is ubiquitous. We introduce social diversity by means of heterogeneous graphs and show that cooperation is promoted by the diversity associated with the number and size of the public goods game in which each individual participates and with the individual contribution to each such game. When social ties follow a scale- free distribution(9), cooperation is enhanced whenever all individuals are expected to contribute a fixed amount irrespective of the plethora of public goods games in which they engage. Our results may help to explain the emergence of cooperation in the absence of mechanisms based on individual reputation and punishment(10-12). Combining social diversity with reputation and punishment will provide instrumental clues on the self- organization of social communities and their economical implications.