The ontogenetic origins of human cooperation
The ontogenetic origins of human cooperation
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人类合作的个体起源
DOI：
10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0017
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Tomasello
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Emily Wyman;M. Tomasello
人类是非常合作的。虽然非人类灵长类动物经常参与合作追求，但人类与其他个体合作，包括非亲属甚至匿名的合作伙伴。此外，当其他灵长类动物认识到它们所属的社会群体时，人类通过使用公民身份、制服、身体标记和结婚戒指来公开指定不同类型的合作群体成员资格，这甚至发生在任何合作活动开始之前。当黑猩猩合作巡逻他们的家园范围时，人类集体同意领土边界和进入这些区域的规则，使用从村庄墙壁到移民法的一切。虽然非人类灵长类动物对家族关系有一定的理解，但只有人类才能分配“母亲”和“父亲”等社会角色，这些角色伴随着社会和法律的义务，以特定的方式进行合作。一般来说，人类并不只是从事合作活动，他们象征性地标记合作关系和边界，并在此基础上积极规定不同形式的合作。
Human beings are inordinately co-operative. While non-human primates regularly engage in collaborative pursuits, humans cooperate with other individuals, including non-kin and even anonymous partners on an astonishingly large scale. In addition, while other primates recognize the social group to which they belong, humans publicly designate different kinds of cooperative group membership with the use of citizenship, uniforms, body markings, and wedding rings, and this occurs before any cooperative activity has even begun. While chimpanzees cooperatively patrol their home ranges, humans collectively agree both on territorial boundaries and on rules for entry into these, using everything from village walls to immigration laws. And while non-human primates have some understanding of familial relatedness, it is only humans that assign social roles such as ‘mother’and ‘father’that come with social and legal obligations to cooperate in specified ways. In general, humans do not just engage in cooperative activities, they symbolically mark cooperative relations and boundaries and actively prescribe different forms of collaboration based on this.