Population dynamics: Social security, markets, and families.
Population dynamics: Social security, markets, and families.
复制标题
人口动态：社会保障、市场和家庭。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-246x.2010.01373.x
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Lee,Sang-Hyop
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mason,AndrewW;Lee,RonaldD;Lee,Sang-Hyop
先进工业化国家的代际向上流动——从工作年龄到老年——正在大幅增加，而且比发展中国家要大得多。人口老龄化是导致这一变化的最重要因素。因此，在没有重大人口变化（例如恢复高生育率）的情况下，向上流动的增加是不可避免的。即便如此，其他三个重要因素将影响向上流动的幅度。首先，由于平均退休年龄、生产率、失业率和工作时间的差异，老年人的劳动收入也有所不同。其次，老年消费的年龄模式有所不同，主要是由于健康支出的差异。第三，人力资本支出（即儿童健康和教育支出）各不相同。人力资本支出与老年人支出存在竞争，但它也提高了后代工人的生产力以及可用于支持老年消费的资源。所有当代社会都依赖各种制度和经济机制将经济资源从工作年龄转移到受抚养年龄——年轻人和老年人。三个机构主导着代际流动：实施社会保障、教育和其他公共转移计划的政府；对资产积累至关重要的市场（例如养老金和住房）；以及为所有社会中的儿童和许多社会中的老年人提供经济支持的家庭。本文的目的首先是描述人口老龄化和其他变化如何影响代际流动的方向和幅度；其次，对比世界各地针对代际流动的制度方法。本文广泛依赖于国民转移账户（NTA），这是一个以与联合国国民账户体系一致的方式衡量跨年龄经济流动的系统。这些账户目前由分布在六大洲 33 个国家的研究团队构建，这些国家在发展水平、人口统计和代际转移政策方面存在巨大差异。
Upward intergenerational flows — from the working ages to old age — are increasing substantially in the advanced industrialized countries and are much larger than in developing countries. Population ageing is the most important factor leading to this change. Thus, in the absence of a major demographic shift (e.g. a return to high fertility), an increase in upward flows is inevitable. Even so, three other important factors will influence the magnitudes of upward flows. First, labour income varies at older ages due to differences in average age at retirement, productivity, unemployment, and hours worked. Second, the age patterns of consumption at older ages vary primarily due to differences in spending on health. Third, spending on human capital (i.e. spending on child health and education) varies. Human capital spending competes with spending on the elderly, but it also increases the productivity of subsequent generations of workers and the resources available to support consumption in old age. All contemporary societies rely on a variety of institutions and economic mechanisms to shift economic resources from the working ages to the dependent ages — the young and the old. Three institutions dominate intergenerational flows: governments which implement social security, education, and other public transfer programmes; markets which are key to the accumulation of assets (e.g. funded pensions and housing); and families which provide economic support to children in all societies and to the elderly in many. The objectives of this article are, first, to describe how population ageing and other changes influence the direction and magnitude of intergenerational flows; and, second, to contrast the institutional approaches to intergenerational flows as they are practiced around the world. The article relies extensively on National Transfer Accounts (NTA), a system for measuring economic flows across age in a manner consistent with the United Nations' System of National Accounts. These accounts are currently being constructed by research teams located in 33 countries on six continents representing wide variations in the level of development, demographics, and policies regarding intergenerational transfers.
雇主提供的心理健康和药物滥用福利的趋势
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
J. D. Morton;Patricia Aleman
通讯作者：
Patricia Aleman