Molecular mechanisms for morphogenesis of the central nervous system in mammals
Molecular mechanisms for morphogenesis of the central nervous system in mammals
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1447-073x.2004.00085.x
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发表时间：
2004-12-01
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Ishibashi, Makoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ishibashi, Makoto
哺乳动物的中枢神经系统(CNS)是一个高度组织化的结构。在中枢神经系统发育初期，神经前体/干细胞在神经上皮细胞内分裂。一段时间后，这些前体逐渐开始分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞。神经前体细胞的增殖和分化涉及多种因素。最近的研究表明，碱性螺旋-环-螺旋(BHLH)转录因子在分化过程中发挥着重要作用。HES(HES)1和HES5是bHLH型抑制因子，抑制神经分化。哺乳动物促性腺激素复合体同源蛋白(MASH)1和哺乳动物无酮同源蛋白(MATH)1是在神经前体细胞中表达的阳性bHLH调节因子。积极和消极的监管机构之间的平衡可能决定分化是否继续进行。数据表明，这种平衡是由Notch信号控制的。其他细胞外信号也控制着中枢神经系统的形态发生。为了阐明中枢神经系统的初级形状，神经前体的增殖应该在空间和时间上受到严格的调控。最近的一项研究表明，依赖于Sonic Hedgehog的信号继电器控制着间脑和中脑的生长。营养是发展的另一个关键因素。叶酸结合蛋白1的表达分析表明，叶酸摄取与前神经管闭合密切相关。
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is a highly organized structure. In the beginning of CNS development, neural precursor/stem cells are dividing in the neuroepithelium. After a while, these precursors gradually start to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. Various factors are involved in the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursors. Recent studies have demonstrated that the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play important roles in differentiation processes. Hairy and Enhancer of split homolog (HES) 1 and HES5 are bHLH-type repressors and inhibit neural differentiation. Mammalian achaete-scute complex homolog (MASH) 1 and mammalian atonal homolog (MATH) 1 are positive bHLH regulators expressed in neural precursors. A balance between positive and negative regulators may determine whether differentiation proceeds or not. The data suggest that this balance is controlled by Notch signaling. Other extracellular signals also govern CNS morphogenesis. To elaborate the primary shape of the CNS, proliferation of neural precursors should be strictly regulated in a spatial and temporal manner. A recent study suggests that a Sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling relay controls growth of the diencephalon and midbrain. Nutrition is another critical factor for development. Expression analysis of Folate binding protein 1 implied the close association between folate uptake and anterior neural tube closure.