Evaluation of genetic pollution and genetic diversity in natural fisheries and aquaculture through molecular tools
Evaluation of genetic pollution and genetic diversity in natural fisheries and aquaculture through molecular tools
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发表时间：
2021
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通讯作者：
M. Danish;Pooja Badoni;Karma Rinya;Supravat Maity;Anjan Chowdhury;Tushar Subhra Khanra
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作者：
M. Danish;Pooja Badoni;Karma Rinya;Supravat Maity;Anjan Chowdhury;Tushar Subhra Khanra
鱼类是所有脊椎动物分类群中物种多样性最高的一类，除了其营养价值外，还具有生物多样性。鱼类在大小、形状、生物学和它们所占据的栖息地方面表现出巨大的多样性。鱼类是一个非常成功的动物群体，有30,700多种，它们生活在所有的海洋、河流、湖泊、运河、水坝、咸淡水、河口和所有有水的地方。主要鲤鱼品种在我国鱼类总产量中占有重要地位。鲤鱼（Labeo rohita）和鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio var. communis）是水产养殖系统中最重要的养殖物种之一，面临着圈养种群近亲繁殖和野生种群过度开发导致杂合度和遗传多样性水平下降的问题，分析其遗传结构对设计和帮助其种群管理和保护具有重要意义。无意的近亲繁殖在孵化场是一种常见的默认做法。分子标记是某种类型的沉默DNA变异的杂合位点，与任何可测量的表型变异无关。这样的“DNA位点”，当杂合时，可以像传统的杂合等位基因对一样用于定位分析。物种的遗传变异增强了生物适应环境变化的能力，是物种生存的必要条件。不同的分子提供了不同的科学观察，如：1)物种鉴定；2)自然种群遗传变异和种群结构研究；3)野生种群与孵化场种群比较；4)自然种群人口瓶颈评估；5)繁殖辅助恢复计划。
Fish as a group, apart from its nutritional value from a biodiversity point of view, has the highest species diversity among all vertebrate taxa. Fishes exhibit enormous diversity in size, shape, biology and in the habitats they occupy. Fishes form a highly successful group of animals comprising more than 30,700 species inhabiting all seas, rivers, lakes, canals, dams, brackish water, estuaries and all places wherever is water. Major carp species contribute very significantly in total fish production of our country. Labeo rohita and and Cyprinus carpio var. communis are one of the most important culture species in aquaculture system and facing the problem of inbreeding in captive stocks and problem of overexploitation in wild stocks resulting reduction in level of heterozygosity and genetic diversity thereby it is important to analyze genetic structure of these species in order to devise and aid for their stock management and conservation. Unintentional inbreeding is a common default practice in hatcheries. A molecular marker is a site of heterozygosity for some type of silent DNA variation not associated with any measurable phenotypic variation. Such a “DNA locus,” when heterozygous, can be used in mapping analysis just as a conventional heterozygous allele pair can be used. Genetic variation in a species enhances the capability of organism to adapt to changing environment and is necessary for survival of the species. Various molecular provide different scientific observations which have importance in aquaculture practice recently such as: 1) Species Identification 2) Genetic variation and population structure study in natural populations 3) Comparison between wild and hatchery populations 4) Assessment of demographic bottleneck in natural population 5) Propagation assisted rehabilitation programmes.