A Theory of Metamotivation : the Biological Rooting of the Value-Life
A Theory of Metamotivation : the Biological Rooting of the Value-Life
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元动机理论:价值生活的生物学根源
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发表时间：
1967
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通讯作者：
A. H. Maslow
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作者：
A. H. Maslow
根据定义，自我实现的人在其所有基本需求（归属感、情感、尊重和自尊）方面都能得到满足。这就是说，他们有归属感和根基感，在爱的需求方面得到满足，有朋友，感到被爱且值得被爱，他们在生活中有地位和位置，受到他人尊重，并且有合理的价值感和自尊感。如果我们从这些基本需求受挫以及病理学的角度来消极表述，那么就是说自我实现的人不会（在任何长时间内）感到焦虑、没有安全感、不安全，不会感到孤独、被排斥、没有根基或孤立，不会感到不可爱、被拒绝或不被需要，不会感到被鄙视和看不起，也不会深感自己毫无价值，他们也没有严重的自卑感或无价值感（马斯洛，1954年，第12章）。当然，这可以用其他方式表述，我也已经这样做了。例如，由于基本需求被假定为人类唯一的动机，所以有可能，并且在某些情况下也有用的是，说自我实现的人是“无动机的”（马斯洛，1954年，第15章）。这是为了使这些人与东方哲学中关于健康是对奋斗、欲望或需求的超越的观点相一致。（罗马斯多葛派的观点也有类似之处。）也有可能将自我实现的人描述为表达而非应对，并强调他们是自发的、自然的，他们比其他人更容易做自己。这种表述还有一个额外的好处，即与将神经症视为一种可以理解的应对机制以及一种为满足更深层次、更内在、更具生物性的自我的需求而做出的合理（尽管愚蠢且恐惧）的努力的观点相契合（马斯洛，1965年，第33 - 47页；1967年）。这些表述中的每一种在特定方面都有其自身的操作实用性。
BY definition, self-actualizing people are gratified in all their basic needs (of belongingness, affection, respect, and self-esteem). This is to say that they have a feeling of belongingness and rootedness, they are satisfied in their love needs, have friends and feel loved and loveworthy, they have status and place in life and respect from other people, and they have a reasonable feeling of worth and self-respect. If we phrase this negativelyin terms of the frustration of these basic needs and in terms of pathologythen this is to say that selfactualizing people do not (for any length of time) feel anxiety-ridden, insecure, unsafe, do not feel alone, ostracized, rootless, or isolated, do not feel unlovable, rejected, or unwanted, do not feel despised and looked down upon, and do not feel deeply unworthy, nor do they have crippling feelings of inferiority or worthlessness (Maslow, 1954, Chap. 12). Of course this can be phrased in other ways and this I have done. For instance, since the basic needs had been assumed to be the only motivations for human beings, it was possible, and in certain contexts also useful, to say of self-actualizing people that they were "unmotivated" (Maslow, 1954, Chap. 15). This was to align these people with the Eastern philosophical view of health as the transcendence of striving or desiring or wanting. (And something of the sort was also true of the Roman stoic view.) It was also possible to describe self-actualizing people as expressing rather than coping, and to stress that they were spontaneous, and natural, that they were more easily themselves than other people. This phrasing had the additional usefulness of being compatible with the view of neurosis as an understandable coping mechanism and as a reasonable (though stupid and fearful) effort to satisfy the needs of a deeper-lying, more intrinsic, more biological self (Maslow, 1965, pp. 33-47; 1967). Each of these phrasings has its own operational usefulness in par-