Tolerance and Biological Removal of Fungicides by Trichoderma Species Isolated From the Endosphere of Wild Rubiaceae Plants
Tolerance and Biological Removal of Fungicides by Trichoderma Species Isolated From the Endosphere of Wild Rubiaceae Plants
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fagro.2021.772170
复制
发表时间：
2022-02-03
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Mora-Villalobos, J. Anibal
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Escudero-Leyva, Efrain;Alfaro-Vargas, Pamela;Mora-Villalobos, J. Anibal
从传统农业向有机农业的过渡常常受到生物控制剂适应严重暴露于农业化学污染物的环境的挑战。我们研究了从野生Rubiacaeae（咖啡科）植物的活叶组织中分离的木霉菌种，以确定其杀菌剂耐受性和生物去除潜力。首先，我们对4个木霉菌株（里氏木霉T1，木霉T2，木霉T3）进行了体外抗药性测定。aff. crassum T2、T. aff. atroviride T3和T. aff. strigosellum T4）通过将菌丝栓置于补充有七种不同的内吸性和非内吸性杀真菌剂的固体培养基上。一周后，大多数杀真菌剂没有显著抑制分离物的生长，除了环丙唑醇的情况，其中唯一能够生长的分离物是T1;然而，殖民地形态受到杀真菌剂存在的影响。其次，确定了选定分离株的生物去除潜力。对于该实验，将分离物T1、T2和T4独立地接种到具有杀真菌剂嘧菌酯、百菌清、环唑醇和唑菌酯的液体培养基中。经过14天的培养，去除高达89%的百菌清，46.4%的环唑醇，和33.1%的唑菌酯使用可行的生物质。在嘧菌酯的情况下，最高的去除率（82.2%）发生吸附真菌生物质。在大型蚤中进行的生态毒理学试验表明，T1具有最高的去除潜力，可以显著消除每种杀真菌剂，同时对水性基质进行解毒（环唑醇除外）。分离物T4也表现出中等效率，而分离物T2在大多数情况下不能解毒基质。所有分离株对环丙唑醇的去除和解毒均失败。这些发现表明，野生植物的内分泌层可能是一个有吸引力的行业协会，以发现新的木霉菌种有前途的生物修复能力。此外，结果表明，在病虫害综合管理策略中或向有机农业过渡时，将某些类型的农用化学品与拮抗真菌结合使用时应引起注意。
The transition from conventional to organic agriculture is often challenged by the adaptation of biological control agents to environments heavily exposed to agrochemical pollutants. We studied Trichoderma species isolated from living leaf tissues of wild Rubiacaeae (coffee family) plants to determine their fungicide tolerance and potential for bioremoval. First, we assessed the in vitro tolerance to fungicides of four Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma rifaii T1, T. aff. crassum T2, T. aff. atroviride T3, and T. aff. strigosellum T4) by placing mycelial plugs onto solid media supplemented with seven different systemic and non-systemic fungicides. After a week, most of the fungicides did not significantly inhibit the growth of the isolates, except in the case of cyproconazole, where the only isolate able to grow was T1; however, the colony morphology was affected by the presence of fungicides. Second, biological removal potential was established for selected isolates. For this experiment, the isolates T1, T2, and T4 were independently inoculated into liquid media with the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyproconazole, and trifloxystrobin. After 14 days of incubation, a removal of up to 89% was achieved for chlorothalonil, 46.4% for cyproconazole, and 33.1% for trifloxystrobin using viable biomass. In the case of azoxystrobin, the highest removal (82.2%) occurred by adsorption to fungal biomass. Ecotoxicological tests in Daphnia magna revealed that T1 has the highest removal potential, achieving significant elimination of every fungicide, while simultaneously detoxifying the aqueous matrix (except in the case of cyproconazole). Isolate T4 also exhibited an intermediate efficiency, while isolate T2 was unable to detoxify the matrix in most cases. The removal and detoxification of cyproconazole failed with all the isolates. These findings suggest that endosphere of wild plants could be an attractive guild to find new Trichoderma species with promising bioremediation capabilities. In addition, the results demonstrate that attention should be placed when combining certain types of agrochemicals with antagonistic fungi in Integrated Pest and Disease Management strategies or when transitioning to organic agriculture.