The history of cereals in the region of the former Duchy of Swabia (Herzogtum Schwaben) from the Roman to the Post-medieval period: results of archaeobotanical research
The history of cereals in the region of the former Duchy of Swabia (Herzogtum Schwaben) from the Roman to the Post-medieval period: results of archaeobotanical research
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前施瓦本公国 (Herzogtum Schwaben) 地区从罗马时期到中世纪后时期的谷物历史：植物考古学研究的结果
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Karg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Rösch;S. Jacomet;S. Karg
对德国西南部和北方瑞士发现的谷物进行调查的结果已被绘制成地图。七个阶段的区别，从罗马到早期现代（后中世纪）。讨论了有关取样、鉴定、保存、遗址类型、特征和组合等影响结果代表性的方法问题。主要结果如下。在罗马时期，小麦是主要作物，除了在上莱茵河河谷（Oberrheinebene），T。aestivum更丰富。在移民时期和中世纪早期，几种作物具有类似的重要性。原因是一个相当简单的经济体系，每个村庄的生计经济，也许是谷物和草地的轮换（Feld-Gras-Wirtschaft）。在中世纪盛期，黑麦是该地区北方直到多瑙河（多瑙河）的主要谷物。在瑞士，T.斯佩尔塔占主导地位。从博登湖到内卡河谷上游，两者之间的景观是混合的。这些相当清晰的光谱，通常由一种谷物物种主导，表达了改变了的经济体系：三场系统（Dreifelderechtschaft）和市场经济的作用越来越大。即使在中世纪晚期和后中世纪时期，S。cereale和T.斯佩尔塔仍然是主要作物。T.普通小麦和大麦是最近才发展起来的，不到世纪。不太重要的谷物，T。monococcum和Panicum miliaceum，直到后中世纪时期才定期出现。T.从罗马时代开始，双球菌在这一地区就很少见了。
Archaeobotanical results from the investigations of cereal finds in southwestern Germany and northern Switzerland have been mapped. Seven phases are distinguished, from Roman to early modern (Post-medieval). Methodological problems are discussed concerning sampling, identification, preservation, type of site, feature and assemblage, which influence the representation of the results. The main results are as follows. In the Roman period, Triticum spelta was the main crop, except in the upper Rhine valley (Oberrheinebene) where T. aestivum was more abundant. In the Migration period and Early Medieval period several crops are of similar importance. The reason was a rather simple economic system, a subsistence economy for each village, and perhaps cereal and grassland rotation (Feld-Gras-Wirtschaft). In the High Medieval period, Secale cereale was the dominant grain in the northern part of the region up to the Danube (Donau). In Switzerland, T. spelta dominated. In the landscape in between, from Lake Constance (Bodensee) to the upper Neckar valley, there was a mixture of both. These rather clear spectra, commonly dominated by one cereal species, express the changed economic system: the three field system (Dreifelderwirtschaft) and an increasing role of the market economy. Even in the Late Medieval and Post-medieval periods S. cereale and T. spelta remained the main crops. The present dominance of T. aestivum and Hordeum vulgare is a very recent development, less than a century old. The less important cereals, T. monococcum and Panicum miliaceum, occur regularly until Post-medieval times. T. dicoccum was very rare in this region from the Roman period onwards.