The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae)
The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.005
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发表时间：
2012-10-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Maddison, Wayne P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bodner, Melissa R.;Maddison, Wayne P.
跳蛛（跳蛛科）分布于全球，种类丰富，形态多样。最近的分子系统发育工作表明，主要进化枝在很大程度上孤立于特定的大陆地区，表明它们的辐射晚于中生代大陆分裂，但缺乏多基因时间校准系统发育的佐证，而且重要的热带森林地区，中非和西非，在很大程度上没有采样。对28s、Actin 5C、16sND1和CO1基因进行测序的分类群中包括了许多来自加蓬的新取样物种。似然分析和贝叶斯分析表明，来自森林栖息地的大多数加蓬物种都属于一个大的分支，我们将其命名为Thiratoscirtinae（新亚科），属于更广泛的Aelurilloida。aelurilloids，连同plexipoid， euophryines， helophhanines和较小的类群（如Leptorchestae， Hasarieae, Philaeus group, Salticus），形成了一个大的分支，我们称之为Saltafresia。大多数盐碱物种多样化似乎发生在非洲-欧亚大陆，除了富盐物种（主要是新热带、澳大拉西亚和东南亚）和新世界的两个辐射（Habronattus、freyines）。使用贝叶斯放松分子钟方法，根据琥珀化石数据和地质限制进行校准，我们估计这个家族最近的共同祖先发生在4700万到5700万年前，当时大陆已经基本上分开了。Salticoida的历史可以追溯到4100万到5000万年前，它的四个主要亚分支Amycoida、Astioida、Marpissoida和Saltafresia的历史都可以追溯到2900万到4400万年前。根据这些推断的日期，在地球比现在更温暖的时候，盐碱类生物正在辐射，大热带森林扩大，很可能有多种昆虫食草动物。我们的系统发育表明，来自孤立地区的辐射动物群的混合是有限的，但一些远距离的扩散事件，如Habronattus属到达新大陆，已经发生。以前在维州的4种非洲物种被转移到特拉莫尼亚，建立了新的组合特拉莫尼亚（Berland和Millot），特拉莫尼亚（Simon），特拉莫尼亚（longiuscula），特拉莫尼亚（Thorell）。Marpissoida扩展到包括Ballinae。(C) 2012爱思唯尔公司版权所有。
Globally distributed, jumping spiders (Salticidae) are species-rich and morphologically diverse. Recent molecular phylogenetic work has revealed that major clades are largely isolated to particular continental regions, suggesting their radiations postdated Mesozoic continental break up, but corroboration from a multi-gene time-calibrated phylogeny has been lacking, and an important tropical forest region, Central and West Africa, has been largely unsampled. Newly sampled species, many from Gabon, were included among taxa sequenced for the genes 28s, Actin 5C, 16sND1, and CO1. Likelihood and Bayesian analyses show that most of the Gabonese species from forest habitats fall into a single large clade, which we name the Thiratoscirtinae (new subfamily), within the broader Aelurilloida. The aelurilloids, together with the plexippoids, euophryines, heliophanines and smaller groups (e.g. Leptorchestae, Hasarieae, Philaeus group, Salticus), form a large clade that we name the Saltafresia. Most saltafresian diversification appears to have occured in Afro-Eurasia, with the exception of the euophryines (largely Neotropical, Australasian and Southeast Asian) and two radiations in the New World (Habronattus, freyines). Using Bayesian relaxed molecular-clock methods, calibrated by amber fossil data and a geological constraint, we estimate that most recent common ancestor of the family occurred 47-57 million years ago, when the continents would have already separated substantially. The Salticoida is dated to 41-50 million years, and its four major subclades Amycoida, Astioida, Marpissoida, and Saltafresia are each dated to 29-44 million years. By these inferred dates, salticids were radiating while the earth was warmer than today, with expanded megathermal forests and, most likely, diverse insect herbivores. Our phylogeny indicates mixing of radiating faunas from isolated regions has been limited, yet some long-range dispersal events, such as the arrival of the genus Habronattus to the New World, have occurred. Four African species formerly in Viciria are moved to Telamonia, establishing the new combinations Telamonia besanconi (Berland and Millot), Telamonia fuscimana (Simon), Telamonia longiuscula (Thorell), Telamonia thoracica (Thorell). The Marpissoida is expanded to include the Ballinae. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.