Bottleneck Congestion: Differentiating the Coarse Charge
Bottleneck Congestion: Differentiating the Coarse Charge
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DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.1681394
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发表时间：
2010-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Knockaert;E. Verhoef;J. Rouwendal
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Knockaert;E. Verhoef;J. Rouwendal
这篇讨论论文发表在“交通研究B部分：方法论”上。传统的道路拥挤瓶颈模型提倡采用三角形的、完全时变的收费作为道路拥挤外部性的最优解。然而，认知和技术障碍实际上限制了真实的世界实现可以处理的差异化程度。为解决这个问题，传统的做法是采用阶梯式收费，最简单的做法是采用单一阶梯式粗略收费。在本文中，我们研究了如何提高效率的粗收费可以通过区分其水平和时间跨组的旅客。我们使用传统的瓶颈模型来分析如何粗收费可以区分两组旅客假设非弹性的高峰时间的需求。我们的分析结果表明，区分两组旅行者的粗收费大大提高了效率，而不会增加认知努力和决策成本的个人旅行者。一个数字说明显示了69%的福利增益的第一个最好的收费，从53%的通用粗收费。这种增加类似于从粗略收费改为一般的两步收费所获得的增加。一旦界定了不同的群体，实际上就可以通过暂时区分驾驶员，例如使用车牌号码，来实现同样的收益。建议的收费制度在每项计划所占的旅客比例方面具有相当大的灵活性，这进一步增加了其实际适用性的优点。
This discussion paper led to a publication in 'Transportation Research Part B: Methodological' . The traditional bottleneck model for road congestion promotes the implementation of a triangular, fully time varying, charge as the optimal solution for the road congestion externality. However, cognitive and technological barriers put a practical limit to the degree of differentiation real world implementations can handle. The traditional approach to accommodate for this concern has been a step toll, with the single step coarse charge as its simplest case. In this paper we study how efficiency of the coarse charge can be improved by differentiating its level and timing across groups of travellers. We use the traditional bottleneck model to analyse how the coarse charge can be differentiated over two groups of travellers assuming inelastic peak-hour demand. The results of our analysis indicate that differentiating the coarse charge across two groups of travellers considerably improves its efficiency without increasing cognitive effort and decision making costs for the individual traveller. A numeric illustration reveals a welfare gain of 69% of the first best charge, up from 53% for the generic coarse charge. This increase is similar to what is obtained by moving from the coarse charge to a generic two step toll. Once different groups have been defined, one could in fact achieve the same gains by temporal separation of drivers, for example by use of licence plate numbers. The presented charging regime has a considerable degree of flexibility with respect to share of travellers to attribute to each scheme, which further adds to its merits in practical applicability.