Agroforestry in the management of sloping lands in Asia and the Pacific
Agroforestry in the management of sloping lands in Asia and the Pacific
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1005960612386
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发表时间：
1997-01-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Dowling, AJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Craswell, ET;Sajjapongse, A;Dowling, AJ
陡峭的坡地在热带地区分布广泛。估计有5亿人在这些边缘地区从事自给农业。人口的持续增长导致大面积坡地的集约化耕作，加剧了土壤侵蚀问题。虽然研究表明，间作和其他等高线农林复合系统可以稳定坡地，但这些系统尚未被农民广泛采用。可持续土地管理评估框架（FESLM）已经在菲律宾的坡地地区进行了测试。可持续土地管理必须是生产性的、稳定的、可行的和农民可以接受的，同时保护土壤和水资源。采用等高线植物篱间作的农场符合FESLM的多方面要求，而农民目前的做法则不符合。特定地点的适当土地管理措施取决于一系列复杂的社会、经济和生物物理因素，需要在农民的参与下制定。农林业在坡地可持续管理中的作用是由国际土壤研究和管理委员会在亚洲7个国家（ASIALAND）和太平洋4个国家（PACIFICLAND）协调的网络的主题。我们回顾了从丰富的网络数据中选择的结果。从这些结果可以得出以下关于坡地各种农林复合系统可持续性的结论：在太平洋地区，在农民目前的做法下，由于水土流失造成的坡地土壤流失是偶然的、不可预测的，可能不严重；利用豆科灌木、果树、咖啡（Coffea spp.）或橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis）的农林复合系统提供有用的经济回报，但在土壤保护方面不是必不可少的组成部分，因为在等高线上种植草或菠萝（Ananas comosus）在减少侵蚀方面同样有效；农业集约化将导致养分开采、地上生物量减少、产量下降和土壤保护不足，除非利用外部养分来源；利用豆科植物可以有效地供给氮素；从树篱和（或）灌木中获得的现金可以鼓励农民采用这些树木，也可以提供资金购买肥料等外部投入；劳动力可能是采用复杂农林复合系统的主要制约因素。我们还讨论了有效管理和利用正在积累的大量实验和本地数据所需的信息管理系统。我们认为，这种信息系统可以促进跨区域和区域之间的技术转让，并提高对农林业和其他土地管理办法的研究效率。
Steeply sloping lands are widespread in the tropics. An estimated 500 million people practice subsistence agriculture in these marginal areas. Continued population growth has led to the intensified cultivation of large areas of the sloping lands, exacerbating the problem of soil erosion. Although research shows that alley cropping and other contour agroforestry systems can stabilize the sloping lands, these systems have not been widely adopted by farmers.The Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) has been tested in sloping land areas in the Philippines. Sustainable land management must be productive, stable, viable, and acceptable to farmers, while protecting soil and water resources. Farms on which contour hedgerow intercropping has been adopted meet the multifaceted requirements of FESLM, whereas the farmers' current practice does not. Appropriate land management measures for particular locations depend on a complex suite of social, economic, and biophysical factors, and need to tx:developed in participation with farmers.The role of agroforestry in sustainable management of sloping lands is the subject of networks coordinated by the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM) in seven countries in Asia (ASIALAND) and four countries in the Pacific (PACIFICLAND). We review selected outcomes from a wealth of network data. From these results the following conclusions about the sustainability of various agroforestry systems for sloping lands can be drawn:In the Pacific, soil loss from sloping lands due to water erosion under farmers' current practices is episodic, unpredictable, and possibly not severe;Agroforestry systems that utilize legume shrubs, fruit trees, coffee (Coffea spp.) or rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) provide useful economic returns, but are not an essential component in terms of soil protection because grass or pineapple (Ananas comosus) planted on the contour are equally effective in reducing erosion;Agricultural intensification will lead to nutrient mining, reduction of aboveground biomass, declining yields, and less soil protection unless external sources of nutrients are used; nitrogen can be effectively supplied using legumes;Cash derived from hedgerow trees and/or shrubs may provide an incentive for their adoption by farmers, as well as funds to purchase external inputs such as fertilizers;Labor may be a major constraint to the adoption of complex agroforestry systems.We also discuss the information management systems required to effectively manage and utilize the extensive sets of experimental and indigenous data being accumulated. We believe such information systems can facilitate technology transfer across and between regions, and improve the efficiency of research into agroforestry and other land-management approaches.