Using Zoning as a Public Health Tool to Reduce Alcohol Outlet Oversaturation, Promote Compliance, and Guide Future Enforcement: a Preliminary Analysis of Transform Baltimore
Using Zoning as a Public Health Tool to Reduce Alcohol Outlet Oversaturation, Promote Compliance, and Guide Future Enforcement: a Preliminary Analysis of Transform Baltimore
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DOI：
10.1007/s11524-020-00453-7
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发表时间：
2020-07-06
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Leaf, Philip J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Furr-Holden, C. Debra M.;Milam, Adam J.;Leaf, Philip J.
酒精出口过度饱和往往会加剧负面的公共健康结果。最近，巴尔的摩市通过了一项广泛的分区重写（“TransForm Baltimore”），旨在为当地政府和居民提供通过土地使用监管来减少酒精出口过度饱和的工具。本调查评估了受 TransForm Baltimore 两个组成部分影响的商店的专卖店和社区特征：(1) 要求小酒馆除店外外卖外，还必须获得店内消费许可，外带销售至少 50% 的业务来自店内销售，以及 (2) 要求关闭、重新调整用途或搬迁所有在巴尔的摩以“不合格”身份运营的套餐商店（即店外酒类商店）。自 1971 年以来，研究助理走访了该市每一个非营业酒类销售点 (n = 685)，以完成观察评估。大约 77% (n = 530) 的场外酒类销售点是开放的，包括 292 家小酒馆和 238 家套餐商店。使用 t 检验和卡方检验来比较假酒馆（即主要作为套餐商店运营的内部销售空间少于 50% 的小酒馆）的社区特征（社区劣势、家庭收入中位数和种族隔离）和不合格的包装商店。在研究期间可进入的 292 家酒馆中，其余的酒馆长期关闭（n = 130）； 24 家（8.2%）被视为假酒馆。假酒馆更有可能位于经济劣势较大且家庭收入中位数较低的社区（ttest；p < 0.05）。与酒馆相比，假酒馆拥有可见舞池空间、饮酒的顾客和可用菜单的比例较低（卡方检验；p < 0.001）。共有 80 个住宅区不合格酒类销售点。这些不合格的酒类销售点不成比例地分布在以贫困人口和非裔美国人为主的社区中（ttest；p < 0.05）。与合格酒类商店相比，更多不合格酒类商店出售性用品和健康食品（卡方检验；p < 0.05）。通过积极执行，TransForm 巴尔的摩为地方政府和居民提供了改善公共卫生并提高弱势和边缘化社区的健康公平的机会。
Alcohol outlet oversaturation often exacerbates negative public health outcomes. Recently, Baltimore City passed an extensive zoning rewrite ("TransForm Baltimore") that sought to give local government and residents a tool to reduce alcohol outlet oversaturation through land use regulation. The present investigation evaluated the outlet and neighborhood characteristics of stores impacted by two components of TransForm Baltimore: (1) a requirement that taverns licensed for on-premise consumption in addition to off-premise, carryout sales generate at least 50% of their business from on-premise sales, and (2) a requirement to close, repurpose, or relocate all package stores (i.e., off-premise alcohol outlets) that have been operating as "non-conforming" in residential zones since 1971. Research assistants visited every off-premise alcohol outlet in the city (n = 685) to complete an observational assessment. Approximately 77% (n = 530) of these off-premise alcohol outlets were open, including 292 taverns and 238 package stores.ttests and chi-square tests were used to compare neighborhood characteristics (neighborhood disadvantage, median household income, and racial segregation) of sham taverns (i.e., taverns with less than 50% space dedicated for on-premise sales that were primarily operating as a package store) and non-conforming package stores. Of the 292 taverns accessible during the study, the remainder were chronically closed (n = 130); 24 (8.2%) were deemed sham taverns. Sham taverns were more likely to be located in communities with more economic disadvantage and lower median household income (ttest;p < 0.05). Compared to taverns, a lower proportion of sham taverns had visible dance floor space, patrons drinking, and menus available (chi-square test;p < 0.001). There were 80 residentially zoned, non-conforming alcohol outlets. These non-conforming alcohol outlets were disproportionately distributed in predominately poor and African American communities (ttest;p < 0.05). As compared to conforming alcohol outlets, more non-conforming alcohol outlets sold sex paraphernalia and healthy foods (chi-square test;p < 0.05). With active enforcement, TransForm Baltimore offers the opportunity for local government and residents to improve public health and increase health equity in vulnerable and marginalized neighborhoods.