Parasitic life styles of marine dinoflagellates
Parasitic life styles of marine dinoflagellates
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04620.x
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发表时间：
1999-07-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Coats, DW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Coats, DW
海洋甲藻的几个属包含进化出寄生生活方式的物种。甲藻感染已被广泛的宿主生物报道，包括肉丁虫、纤毛虫、自由生活的甲藻、各种无脊椎动物和少数脊椎动物。有些甲藻甚至寄生在其他寄生甲藻上。大多数物种是专性寄生的，依靠异养作为其唯一的营养手段;然而，有些是兼养的，因为它们在部分或全部生命周期中拥有叶绿体。许多是利用高度特化的结构附着在宿主上并进食的体外寄生虫，而另一些是通过营养来进食的细胞内寄生虫。寄生性腰鞭毛虫通常对宿主产生不利影响，可导致生殖阉割或死亡。在导致宿主生物大量死亡的流行病爆发期间，寄生性腰鞭毛虫的生态重要性特别明显。感染鱼类的物种可能对水产养殖构成威胁，而其他物种则可能使具有重要商业价值的甲壳类动物变得难以下咽。在浮游生物领域，寄生甲藻影响微生物食物网的结构和功能。它们利用纤毛虫作为宿主，与桡足类和其他食草动物竞争，并能通过引起有毒和无毒赤潮的减少，刺激营养物质的快速循环。
Several genera of marine dinoflagellates contain species that have evolved parasitic life styles. Dinoflagellate infections have been reported for a wide range of host organisms including sarcodines, ciliates, free-living dinoflagellates, Various invertebrates, and a few vertebrates. Some dinoflagellates even parasitize other parasitic dinoflagellates. Most species are obligately parasitic and rely on heterotrophy as their sole means of nutrition: however, some are mixotrophic, as they possess chloroplasts during part or all of their life cycle. Many are ectoparasites that use highly specialized structures to attach to their host and feed, while others are intracellular parasites that feed by osmotrophy. Parasitic dinoflagellates often have adverse effects on their host that can lead to reproductive castration or death. The ecological importance of parasitic dinoflagellates is particularly evident during epidemic outbreaks that cause mass mortality of host organisms. Species that infect fish can pose threats to aquaculture, while other species can make commercially important crustacea unpalatable. In the planktonic realm, parasitic dinoflagellates influence the structure and function of the microbial food web. They compete with copepods and other grazers by utilizing ciliates as hosts and can stimulate rapid recycling of nutrients by causing the decline of toxic and non-toxic red tides.