Tribe versus Chiefdom in Lower Central America
Tribe versus Chiefdom in Lower Central America
复制标题
中美洲下游部落与酋长国
作者：
W. Creamer;J. Haas
人们普遍认为，酋邦是前西班牙统治时期中南美洲政治组织的主要形式。然而，对数据库的重新审查显示，在西班牙人接触时和之前，中美洲下游地区也存在部落形式的组织。讨论了部落和酋邦的显著特征，并概述了在考古记录中识别部落和酋邦的标准。然后根据这些标准审查巴拿马中部各省和尼科亚湾的数据。我们认为，虽然在巴拿马盛行的是一种酋长组织形式，但在与西班牙人接触之前，尼科亚湾就被部落团体占领了。
Abstract It has commonly been argued that chiefdoms were the dominant form of prehispanic political organization in Lower Central America. Reexamination of the data base, however, reveals that tribal forms of organization were also present in Lower Central America at the time of Spanish contact and before. The salient characteristics of both tribes and chiefdoms are discussed, and criteria for identifying tribes and chiefdoms in the archaeological record are outlined. Data from the Central Provinces of Panama and the Gulf of Nicoya are then examined in light of these criteria. We argue that while a chiefdom form of organization prevailed in Panama, the Gulf of Nicoya was occupied by tribal groups immediately prior to contact with the Spanish.