CHILDRENS USE OF NONEGOCENTRIC STANDARDS IN JUDGMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL SIZE
CHILDRENS USE OF NONEGOCENTRIC STANDARDS IN JUDGMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL SIZE
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DOI：
10.2307/1131033
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发表时间：
1989-08-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
EBELING, KS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
GELMAN, SA;EBELING, KS
维度形容词本质上是相对的，因此可以测试儿童应用非自我中心标准的能力。本研究调查儿童应用一种相对标准的能力，根据物体的预期用途（功能解释）评估物体的大小。在 3 个实验中，3-5 岁的儿童被要求根据物体的功能来判断物体“大”或“小”（例如，洋娃娃的帽子；门的钥匙）。与之前的说法相反，使用非自我中心功能标准的能力在 3 岁时就已经出现。然而，只有当他们的注意力集中在相关功能上时，无论是通过行动（当实际显示物体如何组合在一起时）还是通过语言，3 岁的孩子才会表现出高于偶然的表现。相比之下，4 岁的孩子在没有额外的基于动作或语言提示的情况下表现良好。有人认为，儿童在对大和小的解释中存在隐含的顺序，因此功能性判断的优先级低于其他两个标准：规范性（将物体的大小与存储的心理标准进行比较，例如，吉娃娃对于狗来说很小）和感知（将物体的大小与另一个物理上存在的同类型物体进行比较，例如，6英寸高的吉娃娃与4英寸高的吉娃娃相比较大）。即使三岁的孩子也能对相对大小做出非以自我为中心的功能性判断，但判断的基础必须明确。
Dimensional adjectives are inherently relative in meaning, and so provide a test of children''s ability to apply nonegocentric standards. The present research investigates children''s ability to apply one kind of relative standard, assessing the size of an object with regard to its intended use (a functional interpretation). In 3 experiments, children 3-5 years of age were asked to judge objects as "big" or "little" according to their function (e.g., a hat for a doll; a key for a door). Contrary to previous claims, the ability to use nonegocentric functional standards was present by age 3. However, 3-year-olds performed above chance only when their attention was directed to the relevant function, either by means of action (when actually shown how the objects fit together) or by means of language. In contrast, 4-year-olds performed well without additional action-based or linguistic cues. It is suggested that children have an implicit ordering in their interpretations of big and little, such that functional judgments are lower in priority than 2 other standards: normative (the size of an object is compared to a stored mental standard, e.g., a chihuahua is small for a dog) and perceptual (the size of an object is compared to another physically present object of the same type, e.g., a chihuahua 6 inches tall is big compared to a chihuahua 4 inches tall). Even 3-year-olds can make nonegocentric functional judgements of relaive size, but the basis of the judgment must be unambiguous.