Water quality, nutrients and the European union's Water Framework Directive in a lowland agricultural region: Suffolk, south-east England.
Water quality, nutrients and the European union's Water Framework Directive in a lowland agricultural region: Suffolk, south-east England.
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低地农业地区的水质、营养物质和欧盟水框架指令：英格兰东南部萨福克。
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.040
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Neal
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Howden;M. Bowes;A. Clark;N. Humphries;C. Neal
13条河流在低地，农业县萨福克郡的水质进行了调查，使用常规监测数据收集的1981年至2006年期间，由英格兰和威尔士环境局（EA），及其前身，特别强调磷（总活性磷，TRP）和总（溶解和颗粒）氧化氮（TOxN -主要是硝酸盐NO3）。主要离子和流量数据被用来概述基本的水化学特征有关的地下水来源的基流沃茨。对于TRP和TOxN，使用负荷近似模型对点源和扩散源的相对负荷贡献进行近似，其中可获得并发流量和浓度数据。分析表明，TRP的点源和扩散源的混合物，前者在低流量期间占主导地位，而TOxN的扩散源占主导地位。在所考虑的59个地点中，发现53个（90%）的年平均TRP浓度大于0.05 mg P l−1，36个（61%）的平均浓度大于0.120 mg P l−1，分别为“高”和“良好”生态状态的上限。相应地，对于TOxN，大多数河流已经在11.3 mg N l-1阈值的70%以内，有两条河流（Wang和Ore）一直大于此值。有人建议，主要的挑战是，以控制和控制点源TRP输入，主要是在春末和夏季低流量期间，与主要生物生产的高峰期相吻合，从而提出了实现“良好”的生态状况下的水框架指令的主要挑战。结果表明，仍需作出相当大的努力，以确保适当的管理和开发决策支持工具。
The water quality of 13 rivers in the lowland, agricultural county of Suffolk is investigated using routine monitoring data for the period 1981 to 2006 collected by the Environment Agency of England and Wales (EA), and its predecessors, with particular emphasis on phosphorus (as total reactive phosphorus, TRP) and total (dissolved and particulate) oxidised nitrogen (TOxN — predominantly nitrate NO3). Major ion and flow data are used to outline fundamental hydrochemical characteristics related to the groundwater provenance of base-flow waters. Relative load contributions from point and diffuse sources are approximated using Load Apportionment Modelling for both TRP and TOxN where concurrent flow and concentration data are available. Analyses indicate a mixture of point and diffuse sources of TRP, with the former being dominant during low flow periods, while for TOxN diffuse sources dominate. Out of 59 sites considered, 53 (90%) were found to have annual average TRP concentrations greater than 0.05 mg P l−1, and 36 (61%) had average concentrations over 0.120 mg P l−1, the upper thresholds for ‘High’ and ‘Good’ ecological status, respectively. Correspondingly, for TOxN, most of the rivers are already within 70% of the 11.3 mg N l−1threshold, with two rivers (Wang and Ore) being consistently greater than this. It is suggested that the major challenge is to characterise and control point-source TRP inputs which, being predominant during the late spring and summer low-flow period, coincide with the peak of primary biological production, thus presenting the major challenge to achieving ‘good’ ecological status under the Water Framework Directive. Results show that considerable effort is still required to ensure appropriate management and develop tools for decision-support.