Variation in the degree and costs of adaptive phenotypic plasticity among Rana temporaria populations
Variation in the degree and costs of adaptive phenotypic plasticity among Rana temporaria populations
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00744.x
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发表时间：
2004-09-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Lindgren, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Merilä, J;Laurila, A;Lindgren, B
适应性表型可塑性的形式，以加快发展的能力，作为对池塘干涸的风险是已知的许多两栖动物物种。然而，很少有人知道的因素，可能会限制这种类型的可塑性的演变，很少有研究探讨到什么程度的可塑性可能会受到限制的权衡所决定的适应不同的环境条件。我们比较了南方和北方斯堪的纳维亚常见的青蛙（蛙temporaria）幼虫的能力，来自10个不同的人口，以加速其发展，以应对模拟池塘干燥的风险和由此产生的成本在一个析因实验室实验中的变形大小。我们发现，（i）在所有处理中，北方幼虫的发育速度都快于南方幼虫，（ii）在所有五个南方和所有五个北方种群中都存在加速响应的能力，但响应的幅度要大得多（和较少的变化）在南方比在北方人口，和（iii）在南方种群中存在显著的变质尺寸可塑性成本，在没有干燥风险的情况下，可塑基因型具有较小的变质尺寸，但在北方种群中没有发现可塑性成本的证据。我们认为，较弱的反应池干涸的风险在北方人口是由于更强的选择大变质的大小相比，南方人口。换句话说，季节性的时间限制选择了北方幼虫快速生长和发育，也可能限制了他们的适应性表型可塑性的先天能力。
Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the form of capacity to accelerate development as a response to pond drying risk is known from many amphibian species. However, very little is known about factors that might constrain the evolution of this type of plasticity, and few studies have explored to what degree plasticity might be constrained by trade-offs dictated by adaptation to different environmental conditions. We compared the ability of southern and northern Scandinavian common frog (Rana temporaria) larvae originating from 10 different populations to accelerate their development in response to simulated pond drying risk and the resulting costs in metamorphic size in a factorial laboratory experiment. We found that (i) northern larvae developed faster than the southern larvae in all treatments, (ii) a capacity to accelerate the response was present in all five southern and all five northern populations tested, but that the magnitude of the response was much larger (and less variable) in the southern than in the northern populations, and that (iii) significant plasticity costs in metamorphic size were present in the southern populations, the plastic genotypes having smaller metamorphic size in the absence of desiccation risk, but no evidence for plasticity costs was found in the northern populations. We suggest that the weaker response to pond drying risk in the northern populations is due to stronger selection on large metamorphic size as compared with southern populations. In other words, seasonal time constraints that have selected the northern larvae to be fast growing and developing, may also constrain their innate ability for adaptive phenotypic plasticity.