The ecology of Cainozoic ferns
The ecology of Cainozoic ferns
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DOI：
10.1016/s0034-6667(01)00129-4
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发表时间：
2002-05-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Collinson, ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Collinson, ME
记录了新生代蕨类植物的生态学（不包括仅基于最近的现存亲属的生态学）。自由漂浮的水生蕨类植物（属于现代的杜鹃花属和萨尔维尼亚属）广泛分布于新生代。淡水相的大孢子和小孢子以整体植物和分散或相互连接的大孢子和小孢子为代表，与一系列水生被子植物有关。Acrostichum（今天红树林的一种蕨类植物）显然与新生代的湖泊和淡水沼泽有关。在英格兰南部，Acrostichum/Typha组合的存在与今天罕见的情况相当，例如在佛罗里达大沼泽地。其他新生界蕨类植物也生长在湖泊边缘和沼泽中，尤其是普林斯顿燧石植物群（Dennstaedtiaceae, Dryopteridaceae， blecnoids和Osmunda）。在北美，像Onoclea和Osmunda这样的蕨类植物是由红杉科树木主导的淡水沼泽森林的近亲。这些蕨类植物，连同Woodwardia和已灭绝的Coniopteris，在中生代的环北极地区分布到非常高的古纬度。美国黄石国家公园始新世蕨类植物群生长在受干扰的火山地形中，但同样的蕨类植物也出现在沼泽环境中。Gleicheniaceae是澳大利亚中新世易火植被的一部分，但对其他新生代Gleicheniaceae的了解甚少。尽管龙葵科、龙葵科、龙葵科、龙葵科和Cyatheaceae在中生代具有重要意义，但对其新生代生态学的了解相对较少。新生界蕨类植物的记录（由茎化石证明）非常不完整，但确实包括Cyatheaceae， Dicksoniaceae和Osmundaceae （Aurealcaulis，生长在沼泽泛滥平原森林中）的成员。虽然在石炭纪已经灭绝的蕨类植物科中已经进化出附生习性，但中生代的附生蕨类化石却没有令人信服的证据。蕨类植物Lygodium（其攀援习性通常由其与现代Lygodium的形态相似性推断）在新生界广泛存在于北美、智利、欧洲、澳大利亚，可能还有中国。然而，目前还没有脊骨化石可以证实或反驳古近纪至中新世Lygodium是攀登者的解释。(C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.版权所有
The ecology of Cainozoic ferns is documented (excluding that based only on nearest living relatives). Free-floating water ferns (of the modern genera Azolla and Salvinia) are widespread in the Cainozoic. They are represented by whole plants and dispersed or interconnected megaspores and microspore massulae in freshwater facies associated with a range of aquatic angiosperms. Acrostichum (a fern characteristic of mangroves today) was clearly associated with lakes and freshwater marshes in the Cainozoic. In southern England an Acrostichum/Typha association existed comparable to that which is rare today, e.g. in the Florida Everglades. Other Cainozoic ferns also grew at the margins of lakes and in mires, especially well-represented by the Princeton Chert flora (Dennstaedtiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, blechnoids and Osmunda). In North America ferns such as Onoclea and Osmunda were associates of freshwater swamp forests dominated by taxodiaceous trees. These ferns, along with Woodwardia and the extinct Coniopteris, had a Cainozoic circum-Arctic distribution to very high palaeolatitudes. The Eocene fern flora of Yellowstone National Park, USA, grew in a disturbed volcanogenic terrain but the same ferns also occurred in backswamp settings. Gleicheniaceae were part of a fire-prone vegetation in the Miocene of Australia but other Cainozoic Gleicheniaceae are very poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the Cainozoic ecology of the Marattiaceae, Matoniaceae, Dipteridaceae, Dicksoniaceae and Cyatheaceae despite their Mesozoic importance. The Cainozoic record of tree ferns (proven by stem fossils) is very patchy but does include members of the Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae and Osmundaceae (Aurealcaulis, which grew in swampy floodplain forests). Although the epiphytic habit had evolved in extinct families of ferns in the Carboniferous there is no convincing evidence for fossils of epiphytic ferns in the Camozoic. The fern Lygodium (for which a climbing habit is often inferred from morphological similarity with modern Lygodium) was widespread in the Cainozoic in North America, Chile, Europe, Australia and probably China. However, there are no rachis fossils to confirm or refute the interpretation that Palaeogene to Miocene Lygodium was a climber. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.