Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools
Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools
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DOI：
10.1093/aje/kwj364
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发表时间：
2007-01-15
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Kogevinas, Manolis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Villanueva, Cristina M.;Cantor, Kenneth P.;Kogevinas, Manolis
膀胱癌与接触饮用水中的氯化副产品有关，实验证据表明，接触也会通过吸入和皮肤吸收发生。作者研究了膀胱癌风险是否与通过摄入水以及在淋浴，洗澡和游泳池游泳期间吸入和皮肤吸收三卤甲烷（THMs）有关。在1998-2001年西班牙的一项病例对照研究中，收集了1,219例病例和1,271例对照的一生中关于用水量和与水有关的习惯的个人信息，并将其与地理研究区域的THM水平联系起来。长期接触THM与两倍膀胱癌风险相关，平均家庭THM水平> 49的比值比为2.10（95%置信区间：1.09，4.02），而通过摄入35微克/天的比值比为1.35（95%置信区间：0.92，1.99）。最高四分位数与最低四分位数相比，住宅THM水平加权的淋浴或洗澡时间的比值比为1.83（95%置信区间：1.17，2.87）。在游泳池游泳与1.57的比值比相关（95%置信区间：1.18，2.09）。膀胱癌的风险与长期暴露于氯化水中的三卤甲烷有关，其水平在工业化国家经常发生。
Bladder cancer has been associated with exposure to chlorination by-products in drinking water, and experimental evidence suggests that exposure also occurs through inhalation and dermal absorption. The authors examined whether bladder cancer risk was associated with exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) through ingestion of water and through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools. Lifetime personal information on water consumption and water-related habits was collected for 1,219 cases and 1,271 controls in a 1998-2001 case-control study in Spain and was linked with THM levels in geographic study areas. Long-term THM exposure was associated with a twofold bladder cancer risk, with an odds ratio of 2.10 (95% confidence interval: 1.09, 4.02) for average household THM levels of > 49 versus 35 mu g/day through ingestion had an odds ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.92, 1.99). The odds ratio for duration of shower or bath weighted by residential THM level was 1.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 2.87) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile. Swimming in pools was associated with an odds ratio of 1.57 (95% confidence interval: 1.18, 2.09). Bladder cancer risk was associated with long-term exposure to THMs in chlorinated water at levels regularly occurring in industrialized countries.