Journalism under (ideological) threat: Safeguarding and enhancing public service media into the 21st century
Journalism under (ideological) threat: Safeguarding and enhancing public service media into the 21st century
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新闻业面临（意识形态）威胁：保护和加强公共服务媒体进入 21 世纪
作者：
Stephen Cushion
在 20 世纪的过程中，公共服务广播公司帮助制定了新闻业的重要专业和监管标准（Cushion，2012）。大多数人都致力于提升新闻报道的准确性和公平性价值观，制定编辑规范，旨在提供公正、客观和平衡的新闻报道。无论这些条款在实践中存在什么问题，它们都代表了减轻党派之争、国家干预和市场压力的尝试。虽然许多公共服务广播公司是在有限的竞争中成长起来的，但到 20 世纪末，它们在日益拥挤的商业媒体市场中展开竞争。尽管公共服务广播公司的规模和范围在不同国家之间有所不同，但总的来说，它们对许多先进西方民主国家的新闻业保持着重要影响。他们在数字时代不断发展，从公共服务广播转向公共服务媒体，扩大在线新闻业务并跨社交媒体平台提供新闻。然而，进入21世纪近二十年，数字时代带来了许多挑战，削弱了公共服务媒体的作用、相关性和可信度。为了纪念新闻业成立 20 周年，我重点关注两个相互关联的风险：资金削减和对其独立性进行更激进的意识形态攻击。总体而言，有人认为，由于意识形态上更加敌对的政治和媒体环境，公共服务媒体的资金水平不断下降，这对公共服务媒体的长期生存构成了严重威胁。由于广播业是公共资助的，因此一直存在关于他们应该收到多少金额（或多或少）的争论。但近几十年来，广泛的证据表明，大多数国家广播公司的资金被削减或冻结，这意味着它们的资源正在缓慢而稳定地减少。在欧洲——历史上公共服务广播投资最强劲的地区——欧洲广播联盟（EBU、
Over the course of the 20th century, public service broadcasters helped forge important professional and regulatory standards in journalism (Cushion, 2012). Most have sought to promote values of accuracy and fairness in news reporting, creating editorial codes that aim to produce impartial, objective and balanced journalism. However problematic these terms are in practice, they represent an attempt to mitigate partisanship, state interference and market-pressures. While many public service broadcasters grew up with limited competition, by the end of the 20th century they competed in an increasingly crowded commercial media marketplace. Although the size and scope of public service broadcasters differ cross-nationally, collectively they have maintained an important influence in journalism across many advanced Western democracies. They have evolved in the digital age, moving from public service broadcasting to public service media, expanding their journalism online and supplying news across social media platforms. However, nearly two decades into the 21st century, the digital age has brought many challenges that undermine the role, relevance and credibility of public service media. To mark the 20th anniversary of Journalism, I focus on two inter-connected risks: cuts to funding and a more aggressive ideological attack on their independence. Overall, it is argued that the diminishing level of funding for public service media – driven by a more ideologically hostile political and media environment – represents a serious threat to the long-term survival of public service media. Since broadcasting has been publicly funded, there have always been debates about the amount – more or less – they should receive. But over recent decades, the broad evidence has shown funding cuts or freezes for most national broadcasters, representing a slow and steady decline in their resources. In Europe – historically the strongest region for investment in public service broadcasting – the European Broadcasting Union (EBU,