The stop contrasts of the Athabaskan languages
The stop contrasts of the Athabaskan languages
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阿萨巴斯卡语言的停止对比
DOI：
10.1016/j.wocn.2007.11.001
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Valerie Wood
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Joyce McDonough;Valerie Wood
阿萨巴斯卡语言有一系列特别丰富的塞音对比、纯塞音和塞塞音，每种都表现出三向喉部对比：不送气、送气和喷射。该清单的几个方面对语音和音韵学研究很有趣，其中包括送气平音塞音释放的长度和“重量”、喷射音的时间特性以及音塞对比度设置的丰富性，大约有 21 个不同的片段。本文研究了五种阿萨巴斯卡语言中塞音的语音实现：Dene Sųłiné (CL)、Dene Sųłiné (FC)、Dogrib、North Slavey 和 Tsilhqut’in，并与 McDonough 的纳瓦霍语数据进行比较 [(2003)。纳瓦霍音响系统。克鲁维尔：多德雷赫特]。基于数据中的语音模式，我们认为，在辅音中，对比的主要组织特征是时间区别，我们根据 Laver [(1994)] 将其建模为单纯-复杂对比。语音学原理。剑桥：剑桥大学出版社]，其中节段发音的内侧阶段的时间特性在对比度中起着重要作用。这种分类代表了库存中不送气的普通止损件（正字法上的 (b)、d、g、(q)）和库存中其余止损件之间的主要划分。这些数据首先表明送气平音塞（正字法上的 t、k）被错误标记。相反，与许多有关阿萨巴斯卡语言的早期文献一致，t 和 k 音素是塞塞音 /tx、kx/。其次，与此相关的是，长释放期是库存中除无吸气止点之外的所有止点的特征。因此，它们代表了阿萨巴斯卡语库存中更大分组的特征，在时间域中实现并在家庭中持续存在，其模式可能是从母语继承的。我们将这种时间区别建模为单纯形-复合体区别，它将“不送气”简单止损（作为具有短偏移的单纯形段）与其余止损（包括简单的“送气”止损和射血）分开，这些止损具有复杂的中间阶段和较长的释放周期。此外，该提案表明，正如一些语言学家所观察到的那样，这些语言已经利用了单音塞音和摩擦音的集合来构建丰富的复杂片段库。该分析是理解家庭中声音变化和更替模式的基础。
The Athabaskan languages have a particularly rich series of stop contrasts, plain stops and affricates, each exhibiting a three-way laryngeal contrast, unaspirated, aspirated and ejective. Several aspects of this inventory are interesting to phonetic and phonological studies, among them the length and ‘heaviness’ of the releases on the aspirated plain stops, the temporal properties of the ejectives, and the richness of the stop contrast set, approximately 21 distinct segments. This paper is an investigation of the phonetic realization of the stops in five Athabaskan languages: Dene Sųłiné (CL), Dene Sųłiné (FC), Dogrib, North Slavey, and Tsilhqut’in, compared with data from Navajo from McDonough [(2003). The Navajo sound system. Kluwer: Dordrecht]. Based on the phonetic patterns in the data, we argue that, among the consonants, the primary organizing feature of the contrasts is a temporal distinction, which we model as simplex–complex contrast, based on Laver [(1994). Principles of phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press], in which the temporal properties of medial phase of the segment's articulation play a significant role in the contrast. This classification represents a major divide in the inventory between the unaspirated plain stops (orthographically (b), d, g, (q)) and the rest of the stops in the inventory. These data suggest first that aspirated plain stops (orthographically t, k) are mislabeled. Instead, in keeping with much of the early literature on the Athabaskan languages, the t and k phonemes are the affricates /tx, kx/. Second, related to this, long release periods are a characteristic feature of all but the unaspirated stops in the inventory. As such they represent a feature of a larger grouping in the Athabaskan inventory, realized in a temporal domain and persistent in the family, in a pattern likely inherited from the parent language. We model this temporal distinction as a simplex–complex distinction, which separates out the ‘unaspirated’ plain stops, as simplex segments with short offsets, from the rest of the stops, including the plain ‘aspirated’ stops and ejectives, which have complex medial phases with long release periods. Furthermore, the proposal suggests that the languages have exploited the sets of simplex stops and fricatives to build their rich inventories of complex segments, as several linguists have observed. The analysis serves as a basis for understanding sound change and alternation patterns in the family.