Photonic Applications of Rare-Earth-Doped Materials
Photonic Applications of Rare-Earth-Doped Materials
复制标题
稀土掺杂材料的光子应用
DOI：
10.1557/s0883769400053008
复制
发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
J. Zavada
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Steckl;J. Zavada
镧系元素，从Ce（原子序数58）到Yb（原子序数70），形成一组化学上相似的元素，它们共同具有部分填充的4f壳层。这些所谓的“稀土”（RE）元素通常呈现3+离子状态（RE 3+）。由于每个镧系元素离子的4f电子能级被5s2和5p6外层电子屏蔽，因此RE 3+能级主要与其周围环境无关。Gerhard Heinrich Dieke及其同事在大约30年前详细研究了三价RE元素的4 f电子的特征能级，并报道了这些特征能级。显示RE 3+能级的Dieke图是研究RE元素的科学家和工程师熟悉的工具。然而，稀土元素的历史可以追溯到1787年，在斯德哥尔摩附近的瑞典小镇Ytterby，以及天才的业余矿物学家和军事家Carl阿克塞尔Ardalius中尉。阿尔库留斯在伊特比发现了一种不寻常的黑色矿物（最初被认为在出现和浓度上比常见的铝、钙等矿石或泥土要稀有得多）。不同的化学家在分析这块黑色的石头和其他类似的石头时发现了许多新元素。这些元素的名字是第一次发现的位置的变化：钇，镱，铽和铒。稀土元素的历史是迷人的，涉及许多其他著名的名字在科学：贝采柳斯，加多林，本生。这些元素的性质及其在科学和工业中的多方面应用同样令人着迷，至今仍然很重要。稀土元素的商业应用始于第二次世界大战后，当时作为曼哈顿计划的一部分，通过改进分离技术，大大提高了稀土元素的可用数量和纯度。直到最近，稀土元素的主要工业应用一直是在永磁体中。未成对的4f电子导致一些RE元素具有任何元素中最高的磁矩。利文斯顿3在以前的MRS公告中发表了一篇非常有趣的文章，对稀土磁体的发展和应用进行了综述。在这一期的MRS Bulletin中，我们的目的是回顾与光子学相关的RE元素的一些性质和应用。
The elements of the lanthanide series, from Ce (atomic number 58) to Yb (atomic number 70), form a group of chemically similar elements that have in common a partially filled 4 f shell. These so-called “rare earth” (RE) elements usually take on a 3+ ionic state (RE 3+ ). Because the 4 f electronic-energy levels of each lanthanide ion are shielded from external fields by 5 s 2 and 5 p 6 outer-shell electrons, RE 3+ energy levels are predominantly independent of their surroundings. The characteristic energy levels of 4 f electrons of the trivalent RE elements have been investigated in detail by Gerhard Heinrich Dieke and co-workers and were reported approximately 30 years ago. The Dieke diagram showing RE 3+ energy levels is a familiar tool of scientists and engineers working with RE elements. However, the history of RE elements goes back to the year 1787 in the small Swedish town of Ytterby near Stockholm and to the gifted amateur mineralogist and military man Lt. Carl Axel Arrhenius. Arrhenius discovered an unusual black mineral in Ytterby (perceived initially as much rarer in occurrence and in concentration than the common ores or earths of aluminum, calcium, etc.). Many new elements were discovered by various chemists upon analysis of this black stone and others like it. The names given to these elements are variations of the location where the first discovery was made: yttrium, ytterbium, terbium, and erbium. The history of RE elements is fascinating and involves many other famous names in science: Berzelius, Gadolin, Bunsen. The properties of these elements and their multifaceted applications to science and industry are equally fascinating and have remained important to this day. Commercial applications of RE elements began after World War II, when their available quantity and purity were greatly enhanced by improved separation techniques developed as a part of the Manhattan Project. Until fairly recently, the main industrial application of RE elements has been in permanent magnets. The unpaired 4 f electrons result in some RE elements having the highest magnetic moments of any element. The development and applications of RE magnets are reviewed in a very interesting article by Livingston3 in a previous MRS Bulletin issue. In this issue of MRS Bulletin , we have taken as our aim to review some of the properties and applications of RE elements relevant to photonics.