The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience
The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience
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美国二氧化硫配额交易体系：市场经验更新
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发表时间：
1995
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Rico
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Rico
1990 年，美国国会通过了修订《清洁空气法》的立法，制定了一项新计划，通过减少全国发电厂的二氧化硫 (SO2) 和氮氧化物 (NOx) 排放来减轻美国酸沉降的影响。 SO2 减排量在全国范围内比 1980 年的水平减少了 40%，即每年减少 1000 万吨，这主要是通过排放交易体系实现的，这是迄今为止设计的此类计划中规模最大的。该交易系统有可能节省与传统的逐源排放限制计划相关的高达一半的合规成本。本文简要讨论了美国酸雨问题的背景以及该计划的主要特点，包括：从 2010 年开始对公用事业公司二氧化硫排放实行永久上限、决定预先分配排放信用以减少个人交易审批、使用连续排放监测器和自动处罚 确保酸雨计划要求与其他《清洁空气法》计划的合规性和整合。本文还讨论了迄今为止配额交易市场的发展，包括选择的合规选项类型以及正在进行的排放交易的数量和类型。
In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO2 reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs.This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO2 beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.