Variation in Female Leverage: The Influence of Kinship and Market Effects on the Extent of Female Power Over Males in Verreaux’s Sifaka
Variation in Female Leverage: The Influence of Kinship and Market Effects on the Extent of Female Power Over Males in Verreaux’s Sifaka
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2022.851880
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发表时间：
2022-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rebecca J. Lewis;Gabrielle L. Bueno;A. Di Fiore
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文献类型：
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作者：
Rebecca J. Lewis;Gabrielle L. Bueno;A. Di Fiore
雌性哺乳动物采用生殖策略（例如，内部妊娠），导致两性二人组特有的权力不对称。由于大多数哺乳动物在任何时候可供受精的卵子数量都是非常有限的，因此拥有一个可受精的卵子可能是雌性经济力量的重要来源。对交配机会的控制是雌性威洛氏狐猴（Propithecus verreauxi）的一个中间性杠杆的来源。我们研究了被认为影响交配机会价值的经济因素，以及女性杠杆的程度：亲属关系和市场效应。使用从2008年到2019年在10个社会群体中对所有成年个体进行焦点动物采样期间收集的激动性相互作用的纵向数据集，我们测试了亲缘关系，雌性产次，生殖季节和成年性别比（人口和群体）对（1）顺从信号的方向和（2）哪种性别赢得了有争议的资源的影响。虽然96%的服从行为是男性对女性的，但女性在与男性的冲突中只有三分之一获胜。因此，我们的研究对女性偏见权力的进化解释有影响。如果女性权力的进化是因为她们对食物和其他资源的需求更大，那么两性间的冲突预计将导致男性更一致地放弃对资源的控制。正如预期的那样，在交配季节，当性别比例偏向男性时，男性更有可能顺从地对成功的母亲喋喋不休。虽然女性一般有较少的权力赢得冲突时，他们的受精卵是不太有价值的（当他们是未经生育或不成功的母亲或与男性亲属互动时），并与性别比例的女性偏见增加，这种能力赢得另外的影响，性别发起的冲突。我们的研究表明，女性的杠杆作用可能会受到交配机会的供求关系的影响，但唤起服从并不意味着赢得资源。事实上，中间性的权力是动态的、有关联的，并且依赖于二元体中的个体。
Female mammals employ reproductive strategies (e.g., internal gestation) that result in power asymmetries specific to intersexual dyads. Because the number of eggs available for fertilization at any given time for most mammals is quite limited, having a fertilizable egg is potentially an important source of economic power for females. Control over mating opportunities is a source of intersexual leverage for female Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). We examined economic factors thought to influence the value of mating opportunities, and, thus, the extent of female leverage: kinship and market effects. Using a longitudinal dataset of agonistic interactions collected during focal animal sampling of all adult individuals in 10 social groups from 2008 to 2019, we tested the effects of relatedness, female parity, reproductive season, and adult sex ratio (population and group) on (1) the direction of submissive signaling and (2) which sex won a contested resource. While 96% of the acts of submission were directed from males toward females, females only won a third of their conflicts with males. Thus, our study has implications for evolutionary explanations of female-biased power. If female power evolved due to their greater need for food and other resources, then intersexual conflicts would be expected to result in males more consistently relinquishing control of resources. As expected, males were more likely to chatter submissively toward successful mothers, during the mating season, and when the sex ratio was male-biased. Although females generally had less power to win a conflict when their fertilizable egg was less valuable (when they were nulliparous or unsuccessful mothers or when interacting with male kin) and with an increasing female-bias in the sex ratio, this ability to win additionally was influenced by which sex initiated the conflict. Our study demonstrates that female leverage can be influenced by the supply and demand for mating opportunities, but evoking submission does not translate into winning a resource. Indeed, intersexual power is dynamic, contextual, and dependent on the individuals in the dyad.