Occurrence of antidepressant residues in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata rivers and in tap water in Warsaw (Poland)
Occurrence of antidepressant residues in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata rivers and in tap water in Warsaw (Poland)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.020
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Nalecz-Jawecki, Grzegorz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Giebultowicz, Joanna;Nalecz-Jawecki, Grzegorz
抗抑郁药，即使在低浓度下，也会对水生生物产生一些不利影响，因为它会扰乱脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中枢和外周神经系统的稳态。迄今为止，尚未有任何关于东欧地表水和自来水中存在这些药物的报告。因此，本研究的目的是确定存在的21种抗抑郁药物在特定点的主要波兰河流-维斯瓦河，华沙地区的一条较小的河流-Utrata，以及在自来水样本华沙。样品每隔一个月采集两次，采用固相萃取-液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱联用技术进行分析在多反应监测模式（MRM）下运行的（LC-MS/MS）方法这是第一项研究，其中活性化合物，如吗氯贝胺或曲唑酮在环境中进行了调查。抗抑郁药在波兰的环境风险评估估计基于从NFZ（Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia-国家卫生服务）报销药品库中提取的年度销售数据。比较了目标药物的预测环境浓度（PEC）与实测浓度（MEC），并探讨了EMEA/CHMP指南在抗抑郁药环境风险评价中的应用。抗抑郁药浓度最高的是在小河Utrata。在自来水中，只有微量的抗抑郁药，包括西酞普兰（高达1.5纳克/升），米安色林（高达0.9纳克/升），舍曲林（
Antidepressants, even at low concentrations, can reveal some adverse effects on aquatic life due to disturbing homeostasis throughout the central and peripheral nervous system both in vertebrates and invertebrates. To date there have not been any reports regarding the presence of these pharmaceuticals in surface and tap waters in Eastern Europe. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the presence of 21 antidepressant pharmaceuticals at specific points of the main Polish river - the Vistula, a smaller river of the Warsaw region - the Utrata, as well as in tap water samples of Warsaw. Samples were collected twice at one month intervals and analysed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique coupled with the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) method operated under the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM).This is the first study where active compounds such as moclobemid or trazodone in the environment have been investigated.Environmental risk assessment of antidepressants in Poland was estimated on the basis of annuals sale data extracted from the NFZ (Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia-National Health Service) base of reimbursed pharmaceuticals'. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of target pharmaceuticals were compared with their measured concentration (MEC).Moreover, the application of the EMEA/CHMP guideline for environmental risk assessment of the antidepressants was discussed. The highest concentration of antidepressants was observed in the small river Utrata. In tap water only trace amounts of antidepressants including citalopram (up to 1.5 ng/l), mianserin (up to 0.9 ng/l), sertraline (