White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes
White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02997.x
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发表时间：
2007-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Robinson, Simon P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Walker, Amanda R.;Lee, Elizabeth;Robinson, Simon P.
葡萄属vinifera L.根据浆果皮中是否存在花青素，可以将其分为两组，红色和白色，遗传实验发现，花青素由单一基因座控制。一个调节基因，VvMYBA 1，它可以激活花色素苷的生物合成在一个短暂的测定，最近被证明不被转录在白色浆果由于在启动子中的反转录转座子的存在。我们已经发现，浆果颜色基因座包括两个非常相似的基因，VvMYBA 1和VvMYBA 2，位于一个单一的细菌人工染色体上。这两种基因都可以调节葡萄浆果的颜色。VvMYBA 2的白色浆果等位基因被两个非保守突变失活，一个导致氨基酸取代，另一个导致移码，导致更小的蛋白质。瞬时测定表明，任一突变都消除了调节剂开启花青素苷生物合成的能力。VvMYBA 2序列分析和标记信息一起证实了55个白色品种都含有白色浆果等位基因，但不含有红色浆果等位基因。这些结果表明，所有现存的白色品种的葡萄藤有一个共同的起源。我们的结论是，罕见的突变事件发生在两个相邻的基因是必不可少的白色葡萄用于生产白色葡萄酒和白色葡萄，我们今天享受的起源。
Most of the thousands of grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) can be divided into two groups, red and white, based on the presence or absence of anthocyanin in the berry skin, which has been found from genetic experiments to be controlled by a single locus. A regulatory gene, VvMYBA1, which could activate anthocyanin biosynthesis in a transient assay, was recently shown not to be transcribed in white berries due to the presence of a retrotransposon in the promoter. We have found that the berry colour locus comprises two very similar genes, VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2, located on a single bacterial artificial chromosome. Either gene can regulate colour in the grape berry. The white berry allele of VvMYBA2 is inactivated by two non-conservative mutations, one leads to an amino acid substitution and the other to a frame shift resulting in a smaller protein. Transient assays showed that either mutation removed the ability of the regulator to switch on anthocyanin biosynthesis. VvMYBA2 sequence analyses, together with marker information, confirmed that 55 white cultivars all contain the white berry allele, but not red berry alleles. These results suggest that all extant white cultivars of grape vines have a common origin. We conclude that rare mutational events occurring in two adjacent genes were essential for the genesis of the white grapes used to produce the white wines and white table grapes we enjoy today.