Parenting and child mental health: a cross-cultural perspective
Parenting and child mental health: a cross-cultural perspective
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DOI：
10.1002/wps.20071
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发表时间：
2013-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
73.3
通讯作者：
Bornstein, Marc H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bornstein, Marc H.
从最普遍的工具性意义上讲，养育子女包括照顾孩子，使他们做好处理生活任务的准备。父母提供童年经历，营造引导儿童发展的环境，从而促进儿童的心理健康。养育子女体现在认知和实践中。然而，父母不是在孤立的环境中养育子女，孩子也不是在多种环境中成长，而养育子女和儿童心理健康的一个值得注意的环境是文化。每一种文化都有其特点，并与其他文化区别开来，这些特点是关于一个人如何感受、思考和作为文化中充分发挥作用的一员而行动的根深蒂固的、被广泛认可的观念。只要父母认同一种文化的特定习俗，他们就可能在养育孩子时遵循流行的文化脚本。因此，拓宽我们的定义，父母的持续任务是通过使孩子适应其特定文化特征的身体、心理和教育环境，使他们适应文化。跨文化比较表明，养育孩子的几乎所有方面都受到文化的影响：文化影响父母何时以及如何照顾孩子，父母对孩子的期望，以及父母欣赏、强调、奖励或阻止和惩罚哪些行为。因此，文化规范通过养育子女而体现在儿童的心理健康中。此外，不同文化中规范的变化挑战了我们关于普遍的假设，并告知我们如何理解亲子关系以文化普遍和特定的方式展开。这篇文章关注文化对养育子女和儿童心理健康的贡献。没有任何对单一社会的研究可以解决这个广泛的问题。然而，有可能从对不同社会的研究中吸取关于养育子女和儿童心理健康的教训。
In its most general instrumental sense, parenting consists of care of the young in preparing them to manage the tasks of life. Parents provide childhood experiences and populate the environments that guide children's development and so contribute to child mental health. Parenting is expressed in cognitions and practices. However, parents do not parent, and children do not grow up, in isolation, but in multiple contexts, and one notable context of parenting and child mental health is culture. Every culture is characterized, and distinguished from other cultures, by deep-rooted and widely acknowledged ideas about how one needs to feel, think, and act as an adequately functioning member of the culture. Insofar as parents subscribe to particular conventions of a culture, they likely follow prevailing cultural scripts in childrearing. Broadening our definition, it is therefore the continuing task of parents also to enculturate children by preparing them for the physical, psychosocial, and educational situations that are characteristic of their specific culture. Cross-cultural comparisons show that virtually all aspects of parenting children are informed by culture: culture influences when and how parents care for children, what parents expect of children, and which behaviors parents appreciate, emphasize and reward or discourage and punish. Thus, cultural norms become manifest in the mental health of children through parenting. Furthermore, variations in what is normative in different cultures challenge our assumptions about what is universal and inform our understanding of how parent-child relationships unfold in ways both culturally universal and specific. This essay concerns the contributions of culture to parenting and child mental health. No study of a single society can address this broad issue. It is possible, however, to learn lessons about parenting and child mental health from the study of different societies.