Understanding Hail in the Earth System
Understanding Hail in the Earth System
复制标题
DOI：
10.1029/2019rg000665
复制
发表时间：
2020-03
影响因子：
25.2
通讯作者：
J. Allen;I. Giammanco;M. Kumjian;Heinz Jurgen Punge;Qinghong Zhang;P. Groenemeijer;M. Kunz;K. Ortega
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Allen;I. Giammanco;M. Kumjian;Heinz Jurgen Punge;Qinghong Zhang;P. Groenemeijer;M. Kunz;K. Ortega
回顾了导致冰雹发展的过程和这些事件在世界范围内的分布。描述了冰雹发展的微物理和物理特征，以提供我们对驱动冰雹变大的原因或决定它如何落到地面的原因的理解中的显着差距的背景。研究了冰雹的分布特征，利用冰雹的地面观测和遥感观测数据集来确定新观测的机会和需求。这些观测缺陷导致我们预测冰雹或其预期大小的能力有限，并降低了使用有利冰雹发展条件作为无法获得观测频率的代理的有效性。鉴于气候变率和不断变化的地球系统对冰雹的实质性影响，本文讨论了它们对风险的贡献的最新认识。应用对冰雹分布和物理特性的理解，评估冰雹对农业和保险财产的损害。关于导致冰雹生长的过程以及环境对冰雹发生、大小和震级的控制，特别是在美国和欧洲以外的地区，仍有许多未知之处。还需要更好地了解全球冰雹的发生情况，以便更好地预测其危害和相关影响。
The processes leading to the development of hail and the distribution of these events worldwide are reviewed. Microphysical and physical characteristics of hail development are described to provide context of the notable gaps in our understanding of what drives hail to grow large, or what determines how it falls to the ground. Distributional characteristics of hail are explored, utilizing both surface observations of hailstones and remotely sensed observational data sets to identify opportunities and needs for new observations. These observational deficiencies contribute to our limited capacity to both forecast hail or its expected size and reduce the effectiveness of using favorable conditions for hail development as a proxy to frequency where observations are unavailable. Given the substantive influences of both climate variability and the changing Earth system on hail, the latest understanding of their contributions to risk are addressed. Applying this understanding of the distribution and physical characteristics of hail, the damage by hail to agriculture and insured property is assessed. Much remains unknown about the processes leading to hail growth and environmental controls on hail occurrence, size, and magnitude, particularly outside of the United States and Europe. A better understanding of the global occurrence of hail is also needed to better anticipate the hazard and associated impacts.