The road to a more effective influenza vaccine: Up to date studies and future prospects
The road to a more effective influenza vaccine: Up to date studies and future prospects
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.034
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发表时间：
2017-09-25
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Hasegawa, Hideki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sano, Kaori;Ainai, Akira;Hasegawa, Hideki
流感病毒引起人类急性呼吸道感染。流感基因组中频繁的点突变和病毒株之间偶尔的基因片段交换有助于病毒逃避预先存在的免疫，导致流行和大流行。尽管接种疫苗是最有效的干预措施，但流行病毒和疫苗株之间的不匹配会降低疫苗的效力。此外，目前的注射疫苗在血清中诱导IgG抗体（这限制了流感症状的进展），但在呼吸道黏膜中不能诱导分泌IgA抗体（这有效地预防了病毒感染）。因此，许多研究都试图改进流感疫苗。广泛中和抗体的发现推动了抗原设计的研究。还进行了旨在通过改变疫苗给药途径来提高疫苗效力的研究。如果我们要研制一种通用流感疫苗，就必须彻底了解各种疫苗的作用机制。因此，评估疫苗诱导抗体的质量和数量至关重要，这决定了疫苗的效力。然而，目前的疫苗评价依赖于血凝抑制试验，仅测量抗体产生的数量。抗体库包括一组具有与其功能相对应的特定遗传或分子特征的抗体。暴露在相同刺激下的多个个体可能产生基因和功能相似的抗体。因此，通过检查抗体库，就疫苗诱导的抗体反应的质量和数量而言，有可能评估和比较多种疫苗策略。最近的研究已经使用单细胞表达和高通量免疫球蛋白测序来提供抗体反应的详细图片。这些新方法可能对各种疫苗接种策略诱导的抗体谱的详细表征至关重要。(C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory infection in humans. Frequent point mutations in the influenza genome and occasional exchange of genetic segments between virus strains help the virus evade the pre-existing immunity, resulting in epidemics and pandemics. Although vaccination is the most effective intervention, mismatches between circulating viruses and vaccine strains reduce vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, current injectable vaccines induce IgG antibodies in serum (which limit progression of influenza symptoms) but not secretory IgA antibodies in the respiratory mucosa (which prevent virus infection efficiently). Therefore, numerous studies have attempted to improve influenza vaccines. The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies has progressed research into antigen design. Studies designed to improve vaccine efficacy by changing the vaccine administration route have also been conducted. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the action of various vaccines is essential if we are to develop a universal influenza vaccine. Therefore, evaluating the quality and quantity of antibodies induced by vaccines, which determine vaccine efficacy, is critical. However, at present vaccine evaluation relies on hemagglutination inhibition tests, which only measure the quantity of antibody produced. Antibody repertoires comprise a set of antibodies with specific genetic or molecular features that correspond to their functions. Genetically and functionally similar antibodies may be produced by multiple individuals exposed to an identical stimulus. Therefore, it may be possible to evaluate and compare multiple vaccine strategies in terms of the quality and quantity of an antibody response induced by a vaccine by examining antibody repertoires. Recent studies have used single cell expression and high throughput immunoglobulin sequencing to provide a detailed picture of antibody responses. These novel methods may be critical for detailed characterization of antibody repertoires induced by various vaccination strategies. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.