Anaphoric reference to instances, instantiated and non-instantiated categories: A reading time study
Anaphoric reference to instances, instantiated and non-instantiated categories: A reading time study
复制标题
对实例、实例化和非实例化类别的照应参考：阅读时间研究
DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-8295.1981.tb02197.x
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发表时间：
1981
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
A. Garnham
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Garnham
使用记忆范例的实验表明，一般术语接受上下文相关的编码。这些实验的结果只能提供关于呈现时所建立的表征的间接证据。那些研究关注一般术语的在线处理，只产生了模棱两可的结果。本实验考察了范畴名词和实例名词的编码，并将其作为以下因素的函数：（i）它们的指称物是否先前被范畴名词或实例名词描述过;（ii）先前的上下文是否暗示了所指的是什么样的事物。当语境没有给出关于范畴成员的具体信息时，实例名词在下一个句子中的出现提供了关于其所指对象的额外新信息。发现这些额外的新信息需要时间来处理。然而，当上下文已经暗示了一个类别名词的实例化时，随后出现的适当的实例名词并不会减慢读者的速度。结果表明，阅读过程中建立的表征是语言输入和一般知识的产物。没有理由认为，为了充分理解文本，需要进一步阐述这些表述。
Experiments using memory paradigms have shown that general terms receive context-dependent encodings. The results of these experiments can only provide indirect evidence about representations set up at the time of presentation. Those studies which have concerned themselves with on-line processing of general terms have produced only equivocal results. The present experiment investigates the encoding of category and instance nouns as a function of (i) whether their referents were previously described by category or instance nouns; (ii) whether preceding context suggests what kind of thing is being referred to. Where context gives no specific information about a category member, the occurrence of an instance noun in a following sentence provides extra new information about its referent. It was found that this extra new information takes time to process. However, when context has already suggested an instantiation of a category noun, then the later occurrence of the appropriate instance noun does not slow readers down. The results indicate that representations set up during reading are the product of both the linguistic input and of general knowledge. There is no reason to suppose that further elaboration of these representations is required in order to achieve a full understanding of a text.