Genetic approaches and technologies for improving the sustainability of livestock productions
Genetic approaches and technologies for improving the sustainability of livestock productions
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DOI：
10.1002/jsfa.1704
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发表时间：
2004-07-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Woolliams, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bishop, SC;Woolliams, JA
世界各地的畜牧业生产面临着相当大的相互冲突的挑战和压力。在发达国家，面临的挑战是在价格下降和成本增加、竞争和公众压力的情况下保持可持续性和竞争力。在发展中国家，对畜产品需求的强劲增长必须在基础设施往往很少、投入有限以及环境对管理和牲畜适应性提出要求的情况下得到满足。在这两种情况下，解决这些问题的办法必须是可持续和适当的，但在技术上是可行的，具有成本效益和公众可以接受的。本文总结了两种技术的影响，这将使可持续的畜牧业生产系统，即信息技术和遗传技术，利用自然发生的遗传变异的贡献。由于遗传变化的永久性和累积性，遗传技术具有内在的可持续性，而且从简单到复杂不等。它们包括品种选择、品种内选择和使用与赋予有利属性的基因变异相关的遗传标记。育种目标包括在需要时增加产量、提高产品质量和增强抗病能力。这些目标通过英国的山地绵羊和猪行业的例子以及发展中国家面临的动物健康挑战来说明。所有例子的中心是信息的收集、管理和解释，即信息技术，它使合理的遗传和管理决策得以做出。此外，在所有可持续畜牧生产系统中，生物多样性的维护和利用将有助于管理当今的风险以及未来的挑战。(C)2004化学工业协会。
Livestock production industries worldwide face considerable conflicting challenges and pressures. In developed countries the challenge is to remain sustainable and competitive in the face of declining prices and increasing costs, competition and public pressures. In developing countries the strong increase in demand for livestock products must be met in circumstances where infrastructure is often minimal, there are limitations on inputs and the environment places demands on management and on the adaptive fitness of the livestock. In both situations, solutions to these problems must be sustainable and appropriate, yet be technically feasible, cost-effective and publicly acceptable. This paper summarises the impact of two technologies that will make considerable contributions to sustainable livestock production systems, namely information technology and genetic technologies that utilise naturally occurring genetic variation. Genetic technologies are inherently sustainable owing to the permanent and cumulative nature of genetic change, and range from simple to sophisticated. They include breed choice, within-breed selection and the use of genetic markers linked to gene variants conferring favourable attributes. Breeding goals include increased output, where required, enhanced product quality and increased disease resistance. These goals are illustrated by examples for the hill sheep and pig sectors in the UK and by challenges facing animal health in developing countries. Central to all examples is the gathering, management and interpretation of information, ie information technology, which enables rational genetic and management decisions to be made. Additionally, in all sustainable livestock production systems the maintenance and utilisation of biodiversity will help manage the risks of today as well as the challenges of the future. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.