Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response.

Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response.
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DOI:
10.1038/nature14156
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发表时间:
2015-04-23
期刊:
影响因子:
64.8
通讯作者:
Shadel, Gerald S.
Shadel, Gerald S.
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
West, A. Phillip;Khoury-Hanold, William;Staron, Matthew;Tal, Michal C.;Pineda, Cristiana M.;Lang, Sabine M.;Bestwick, Megan;Duguay, Brett A.;Raimundo, Nuno;MacDuff, Donna A.;Kaech, Susan M.;Smiley, James R.;Means, Robert E.;Iwasaki, Akiko;Shadel, Gerald S.

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线粒体 DNA (mtDNA) 通常在每个细胞中存在数千个拷贝,并被包装成数百个称为类核的高级结构。丰富的 mtDNA 结合蛋白、转录因子 A 线粒体 (TFAM) 可调节类核结构、丰度和分离。 mtDNA 完全耗尽会严重损害氧化磷酸化 (OXPHOS),引发钙依赖性应激信号传导和适应性代谢反应。然而,细胞对线粒体 DNA 不稳定性(在许多人类疾病和衰老中观察到的一种生理相关应激)的反应仍然不明确。在这里,我们发现,TFAM 缺陷引起的中度 mtDNA 应激会参与胞质抗病毒信号传导,从而增强干扰素刺激基因 (ISG) 子集的表达。从机制上讲,我们发现异常的 mtDNA 包装会促进 mtDNA 逃逸到细胞质中,在细胞质中与 DNA 传感器 cGAS 结合,并促进 STING-IRF3 依赖性信号传导,从而提高 ISG 表达、增强 I 型干扰素反应并赋予广泛的病毒抗性。此外,我们证明疱疹病毒会诱导线粒体DNA应激,从而增强感染期间的抗病毒信号传导和I型干扰素反应。我们的研究结果进一步证明,线粒体是先天免疫的核心参与者,将 mtDNA 应激确定为抗病毒信号传导的细胞内在触发因素,并表明 mtDNA 稳态的细胞监测与经典病毒传感机制相配合,以充分许可抗病毒先天免疫。
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is normally present at thousands of copies per cell and is packaged into several hundred higher-order structures termed nucleoids. The abundant mtDNA-binding protein, transcription factor A mitochondrial (TFAM), regulates nucleoid architecture, abundance, and segregation. Complete mtDNA depletion profoundly impairs oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), triggering calcium-dependent stress signaling and adaptive metabolic responses. However, the cellular responses to mtDNA instability, a physiologically relevant stress observed in many human diseases and aging, remain ill-defined. Here we show that moderate mtDNA stress elicited by TFAM deficiency engages cytosolic antiviral signaling to enhance the expression of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). Mechanistically, we have found that aberrant mtDNA packaging promotes escape of mtDNA into the cytosol, where it engages the DNA sensor cGAS and promotes STING-IRF3-dependent signaling to elevate ISG expression, potentiate type I interferon responses, and confer broad viral resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that herpesviruses induce mtDNA stress, which potentiates antiviral signaling and type I interferon responses during infection. Our results further demonstrate that mitochondria are central participants in innate immunity, identify mtDNA stress as a cell-intrinsic trigger of antiviral signaling, and suggest that cellular monitoring of mtDNA homeostasis cooperates with canonical virus sensing mechanisms to fully license antiviral innate immunity.
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