Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration
Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration
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DOI：
10.2166/wst.2004.0044
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发表时间：
2004-01-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Medema, GJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hijnen, WAM;Schijven, JF;Medema, GJ
通过生产性试验、中试试验和实验室试验，研究了慢砂过滤器（SSF）对隐孢子虫病毒、细菌和卵囊的十进制消除能力（DEC）。根据中试工厂过滤器中MS 2噬菌体的实验数据计算的病毒DEC为1.5-2 log（10）。大肠杆菌和耐热大肠菌群（Coli 44）在全规模和中试工厂中以2-3 log（10）去除。在全规模下，弯曲杆菌属细菌的去除比大肠杆菌44的去除多1 log（10），这表明大肠杆菌44是这些致病性细菌的保守替代物。用砂柱进行的实验室实验表明，2-3和>5-6 log（10）的亚硫酸盐还原梭菌（SSRC; C.产气荚膜杆菌）和隐孢子虫的卵囊。因此，SSRC不是定量SSF去除卵囊的良好替代物。通过全规模过滤器去除本地SSRC的效率低于实验室柱中观察到的效率，这可能是由于这些滤床连续负载孢子、积累和运输受阻。这是否也适用于SSF去除卵囊仍有待研究。结果还表明，沙中有机带电化合物的积累和积累增加了微生物的消除。去除schmutzdecke使细菌的DEC减少+/-2 log（10），但不影响细菌的去除。这清楚地表明，除了生物活性，应变和吸附是重要的去除机制，在滤床中的微生物大于病毒。
The decimal elimination capacity (DEC) of slow sand filters (SSF) for viruses, bacteria and oocysts of Cryptosporidium has been assessed from full-scale data and pilot plant and laboratory experiments. DEC for viruses calculated from experimental data with MS2-bacteriophages in the pilot plant filters was 1.5-2 log(10). E coli and thermotolerant coliforms (Coli44) were removed at full-scale and in the pilot plant with 2-3 log(10). At full-scale, Campylobacter bacteria removal was 1 log(10) more than removal of Coli44, which indicated that Coli44 was a conservative surrogate for these pathogenic bacteria. Laboratory experiments with sand columns showed 2-3 and >5-6 log(10) removal of spiked spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC; C. perfringens) and oocysts of Cryptosporidium respectively. Consequently, SSRC was not a good surrogate to quantify oocyst removal by SSF. Removal of indigenous SSRC by full-scale filters was less efficient than observed in the laboratory columns, probably due to continuous loading of these filter beds with spores, accumulation and retarded transport. It remains to be investigated if this also applies to oocyst removal by SSF. The results additionally showed that the schmutzdecke and accumulation of (in)organic charged compounds in the sand increased the elimination of microorganisms. Removal of the schmutzdecke reduced DEC for bacteria by +/-2 log(10), but did not affect removal of phages. This clearly indicated that, besides biological activity, both straining and adsorption were important removal mechanisms in the filter bed for microorganisms larger than viruses.