GROUP SELECTION: THE PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SMALL POPULATIONS
GROUP SELECTION: THE PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SMALL POPULATIONS
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群体选择：小群体的表型和基因型分化
DOI：
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发表时间：
1980
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Mccauley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Wade;D. Mccauley
一个种群的生物学特征或表型是由其组成个体的基因型及其与环境中生物和非生物因素的相互作用决定的。就个体之间存在遗传差异而言，种群之间的差异可能是由漂变和选择造成的。在大多数理论研究中，群体表型完全由其组成个体的基因型或表型均值和方差来表征。在这些情况下，所讨论的总体特征只是其组成部分的统计总结。当这种对个体和群体表型之间关系的描述是准确的时，由于漂变或选择而引起的一系列群体的表型分化可以很容易地用群体内平均值的频率分布来表示。这种分布是一个完整的表征，因为在大多数遗传模型中，群体内的方差是平均基因频率的函数，而在大多数定量模型中，这种方差被假定为常数。然而，基因型-基因型和基因型-密度相互作用的实验室研究（Lewontin和Matsuo，1963;索卡尔和Karten，1964; Weisbrot，1966; McCauley和索卡尔，1977）已经说明了许多例子，其中种群的生物学性状或表型不是其组成部分的简单线性函数。由于个体之间的相互作用，至少在原则上，个体群体之间的小的遗传差异有可能变成相对大的遗传差异。
The biological character or phenotype of a population is determined both by the genotypes of its component individuals and by their interaction with biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. To the extent that there are genetic differences among individuals, differences among populations may be generated by both drift and selection. In most theoretical studies, the populational phenotype is completely characterized by the genotypic or phenotypic mean and variance of its component individuals. In these cases, the population characteristic in question is simply a statistical summarization of its component parts. When this description of the relationship between individual and population phenotypes is accurate, the phenotypic differentiation of an array of populations owing to drift or selection can readily be represented by the frequency distribution of within-population means. This distribution is a complete characterization because the variance within the population in most genetic models is a function of the mean gene frequency and in most quantitative models this variance is assumed to be constant. However, laboratory studies of genotype-genotype and genotype-density interactions (Lewontin and Matsuo, 1963; Sokal and Karten, 1964; Weisbrot, 1966; McCauley and Sokal, 1977) have illustrated many instances in which the biological character or phenotype of a population is not a simple linear function of its component parts. As a result of the interactions among individuals, it is possible, at least in principle, for small genetic differences between groups of individuals to become relatively large differences in