Why achievement motivation predicts success in business but failure in politics: the importance of personal control.
Why achievement motivation predicts success in business but failure in politics: the importance of personal control.
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为什么成就动机预示着商业上的成功但政治上的失败：个人控制的重要性。
作者：
D. Winter
几十年的研究已经证实，隐性成就动机（成就）与商业成功相关，特别是在创业或销售角色中。然而，一些政治心理学研究表明，成就动机与政治成功无关。相反，隐含的权力动机往往预示着政治成功。拥有和缺乏控制可能是商业和政治之间的关键区别。案例研究表明，以成就为动力的美国总统和其他世界领导人经常会因为缺乏控制而感到沮丧，从而失败，而以权力为动力的总统则想出一些方法来应对政治的这一固有特征。对先前研究的重新评估表明，事实上，成就动机和商业成功之间的关系只有在控制力较高时才会出现。控制的主题在成就动机的发展中也很突出。跨国数据也与这一分析相一致：在民主工业化国家，国家层面的成就动机与强有力的执行控制相关。在教育机会较少的国家（因此培养个人控制感的机会较少），成就动机与内部暴力相关。政治上成就动机受挫的许多表现都类似于威权主义。这一结论得到了对 113 名男大学生的纵向研究数据的检验，结果表明，较高的初始成就动机加上受挫的控制欲与大学期间威权主义（F 量表分数）的增加有关。讨论了对领导心理学和实际政治的影响。
Several decades of research have established that implicit achievement motivation (n Achievement) is associated with success in business, particularly in entrepreneurial or sales roles. However, several political psychology studies have shown that achievement motivation is not associated with success in politics; rather, implicit power motivation often predicts political success. Having versus lacking control may be a key difference between business and politics. Case studies suggest that achievement-motivated U.S. presidents and other world leaders often become frustrated and thereby fail because of lack of control, whereas power-motivated presidents develop ways to work with this inherent feature of politics. A reevaluation of previous research suggests that, in fact, relationships between achievement motivation and business success only occur when control is high. The theme of control is also prominent in the development of achievement motivation. Cross-national data are also consistent with this analysis: In democratic industrialized countries, national levels of achievement motivation are associated with strong executive control. In countries with low opportunity for education (thus fewer opportunities to develop a sense of personal control), achievement motivation is associated with internal violence. Many of these manifestations of frustrated achievement motivation in politics resemble authoritarianism. This conclusion is tested by data from a longitudinal study of 113 male college students, showing that high initial achievement motivation combined with frustrated desires for control is related to increases in authoritarianism (F-scale scores) during the college years. Implications for the psychology of leadership and practical politics are discussed.