Comparative Study on the Breeding of Mainland and Island Subspecies of the Varied Tit, Parus Varius
Comparative Study on the Breeding of Mainland and Island Subspecies of the Varied Tit, Parus Varius
复制标题
变异山雀大陆亚种与海岛亚种繁育比较研究
DOI：
10.3838/jjo1915.25.11
复制
发表时间：
1976
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Higuchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Higuchi
1972年至1975年，利用巢箱对日本本土的Parus varius varius和伊豆群岛的P. v. owstoni的繁殖生态进行了比较，得到如下结果： 1．繁殖季节。两个亚种首次产卵日期的季节分布差异不大。在这两个亚种中，最早的一窝发现于3月下旬，最晚的一窝发现于6月初或中旬。季节分布的第一个大高峰在4月上旬或中旬，第二个不太明显的高峰在5月下旬（图2）。5月10日之前产下第一枚卵的雏鸟称为“早雏”，5月11日及之后产下第一枚卵的雏鸟称为“晚雏”。 2．离合器尺寸。大陆亚种的平均窝数为 6.2（图 3），岛屿亚种的平均窝数为 3.9（图 4）。两个亚种产窝数的差异似乎与繁殖密度的差异密切相关。 3．蛋重和雏鸟重量。蛋和雏鸟的重量存在显着差异，其中岛屿亚种的重量与成虫体型的相关性较大（表2、图5）。4。孵化期和雏鸟期。两个亚种的孵化期（从完成产卵之日到首次孵化幼崽之日）几乎没有差异，两个亚种的平均值约为 14 天（表 3）。岛屿亚种的雏鸟期（从第一次孵化蛋之日到第一次幼鸟飞翔的日期）要长一些。大陆亚种的平均值为 18.3 天，岛屿亚种的平均值为 19.0 天（表 4）5。养殖成功。在大陆亚种中，如果算上捕食造成的损失，大约 75% 的卵成功孵化，其中大约 80% 产下会飞的幼崽（表 5）。当排除捕食造成的损失时，超过 95% 的卵成功孵化，并且超过 95% 的卵产下离开巢穴的幼崽。在岛屿亚种中，没有观察到捕食造成的损失，可能是因为没有蛇和银线姬鼠。孵化率超过95%，飞行率也超过95%（表6）。这些值与排除大陆亚种捕食损失的值没有显着差异。6。养殖密度。岛屿亚种的繁殖密度明显高于大陆亚种。每 1 公里的对数。大陆亚种为五至六只，岛屿亚种为十至十五只（表7）。
Comparisons on the breeding ecology between Parus varius varius in the mainland of Japan and P. v. owstoni in the Izu Islands were studied using nest boxes from 1972 to 1975. The result obtained was as follows.1. Breeding season. Little difference was found in the seasonal distribution of the date of the first egg laying in two subspecies. In both subspecies, the earliest clutch was found in late March, and the latest clutch was found in early or middle June. The first large peak in the seasonal distribution was in early or middle April, and the second rather indistinct peak was in late May (Fig. 2).The brood in which a first egg was laid before May 10 was called "the early brood", and the brood in which a first egg was laid on and after May 11 was called "the late brood".2. Clutch size. The mean of the clutch size was 6.2 in the mainland subspecies (Fig. 3), and 3.9 in the island subspecies (Fig. 4). The dif ference in the clutch sizes seems to be closely related to the difference of the breeding density in two subspecies.3. Egg weight and nestling weight. Marked differences were found in egg and nestling weights, those in the island subspecies being larger in correlation with the adult body size (Table 2, Fig. 5).4. Incubation period and nestling period. The incubation period reckoned from the date of the completion of clutch to the date of the first hatching of young was hardly different in two subspecies, and the mean was about 14 days in both subspecies (Table 3). The nestling period reckoned from the date of the first hatching of egg to the date of the first young to fly was a little longer in the island subspecies. The mean was 18.3 days in the mainland subspecies and 19.0 days in the island subspecies (Table 4).5. Breeding success. In the mainland subspecies, when losses from predation are included, about 75 per cent of the eggs hatched successfully and about 80 per cent of them gave rise to flying young (Table 5). When losses from predation are excluded, over 95 per cent of the eggs hatched successfully, and also over 95 per cent of them gave rise to young which left the nest. In the island subspecies, no losses by predation were observed probably because of the absence of any snakes and Apodemus argenteus. Percent hatched was over 95%, and percent flying was also over 95% (Table 6). These values were not significantly different from those excluded losses from predation in the mainland subspecies.6. Breeding density. The breeding density in the island subspecies was remarkably higher than that in the mainland subspecies. The number of pairs per 1 km. was five to six in the mainland subspecies, and ten to fifteen in the island subspecies (Table 7).