What factors influence how two languages are coded in one brain: comment on "The bilingual brain: flexibility and control in the human cortex" by Buchweitz and Prat.
What factors influence how two languages are coded in one brain: comment on "The bilingual brain: flexibility and control in the human cortex" by Buchweitz and Prat.
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哪些因素影响两种语言在一个大脑中的编码方式：对 Buchweitz 和 Prat 所著的“双语大脑：人类皮层的灵活性和控制”的评论。
DOI：
10.1016/j.plrev.2013.09.006
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
11.7
通讯作者：
Hernandez,ArturoE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hernandez,ArturoE
多年来，研究人员一直想知道两种语言是如何在一个大脑中表现出来的。特别令人感兴趣的是发现双语者对单一语言的选择性损伤[1,2]。自然，这就引出了一个问题：哪些因素可能决定了哪些语言被保留了下来，哪些语言已经消失了。这也导致了每种语言可能有不同的神经表征的可能性。二十世纪之交的神经心理学家确定了有助于确定双语能力的大脑基础的三个因素：习得年龄、语言熟练程度和认知控制。被许多人认为是法国心理学之父的Ribot发现，患者往往会首先忘记最近的记忆，而最古老的记忆则会持续到最后[3-5]。在此基础上，他提出了“习得年龄”对记忆形成至关重要的观点，这一发现至今仍有意义[6,7]。此后不久，皮特斯提出，熟悉度在语言抵抗b[8]的过程中起着至关重要的作用。语言能力，正如今天所说的那样，已经被发现在双语的神经表征中起着核心作用[9-11]。最后，奥地利神经学家Otto Pötzl根据对病人的研究，第一个提出了一种开关机制，负责控制当时使用的语言b[12]。控制的重要性已经成为双语研究的前沿，在语言之间切换[13]，克服更占优势的语言[14]的干扰，以及语言控制对非语言控制任务[15]的可能好处。从这些文献中出现的是丰富的神经心理学历史，以及对这一领域的新兴趣，以及可以测量和操纵大脑活动的新技术的出现。
For many years, researchers have wondered how two languages are represented in one brain. Of particular interest is the finding of selective impairment of a single language in bilinguals [1, 2]. Naturally, this leads to the question of what factors might be determining which language is preserved and which is lost. It also leads to the possibility that each language may have different neural representations.Neuropsychologists around the turn of the twentieth century identified three factors that help to determine the brain bases of bilingualism: age of acquisition, language proficiency and cognitive control. Ribot, considered by many to be the father of French psychology, found that patients often forgot their most recent memories first and the oldest memories last [3–5]. Based on this he proposed the idea that “age of acquisition” was crucial for the formation of memories, a finding that is still relevant today [6, 7]. Shortly thereafter, Pitres suggested that familiarity would play a crucial role in the resistance of language to breakdown [8]. Language proficiency, as it has been termed today, has been found to play a central role in the neural representation of bilingualism [9–11]. Finally, Otto Pötzl, an Austrian neurologist, based on work with patients was the first to suggest a switch mechanism that was responsible for controlling the language that was used at that moment [12]. The importance of control has come to the forefront of bilingual language research when switching between languages [13], overcoming interference from a more dominant language [14], and the possible benefits of verbal control on non-verbal control tasks [15]. What emerges from this literature is both a richness of history in neuropsychology coupled with newfound interest in this field with the emergence of new technologies with which brain activity can be measured and manipulated.