Training transfers the limits on perception from parietal to ventral cortex.
Training transfers the limits on perception from parietal to ventral cortex.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.058
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发表时间：
2014-10-20
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Welchman AE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chang DH;Mevorach C;Kourtzi Z;Welchman AE
视觉引导的行为取决于（1）从复杂的视网膜输入中提取和（2）辨别信号，并且这些感知技能会随着练习而提高。例如，空中侦察训练促进了第二次世界大战盟军的军事行动；分析人员仔细研究立体照片，成为以下方面的专家：(1) 将图片分割成有意义的项目，以打破（嘈杂的）背景的伪装；(2) 辨别细节，以区分 V 型武器和无害的挂架。训练被理解为优化处理场景特征（例如方向）以达到特定目的（例如判断位置）的神经回路。然而，当学习能够推广到其他环境时，它是最有益的，并且对于逆境后的恢复至关重要，挑战对所涉及电路的理解。在这里，我们使用重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）来推断人脑中支持学习泛化的功能组织。首先，我们展示了后顶叶皮层 (PPC) 与外侧枕叶 (LO) 回路的可分离贡献：从噪声中提取目标会受到 PPC 刺激的干扰，而判断特征差异则会受到 LO rTMS 的影响。然后，我们证明训练会导致该电路发生显着变化：特征训练后，识别噪声中的目标不会受到 PPC 刺激的干扰，而是会受到 LO 刺激的干扰。这表明训练将感知的限制从顶叶大脑区域转移到腹侧大脑区域，并确定了视觉学习的关键神经回路。我们建议通过用腹侧皮层中存储的特定特征模板取代 PPC 中进行的动态处理来实现泛化。在训练之前，背侧（而非腹侧）rTMS 会扰乱噪声显示中的感知 训练细微差异可增强特征模板，促进噪声中的检测 训练后，腹侧（而非背侧）rTMS 对噪声中的目标产生破坏性 背侧和腹侧回路的功能性重新加权支持学习迁移 在人类受试者中使用 TMS，Chang 等人。揭示了顶叶和腹侧皮层分别在提取和辨别视觉目标中的不同作用。精细辨别训练会导致回路重新加权：学习之后，腹侧而非顶侧的活动决定了目标提取任务的表现。
Visually guided behavior depends on (1) extracting and (2) discriminating signals from complex retinal inputs, and these perceptual skills improve with practice. For instance, training on aerial reconnaissance facilitated World War II Allied military operations; analysts pored over stereoscopic photographs, becoming expert at (1) segmenting pictures into meaningful items to break camouflage from (noisy) backgrounds, and (2) discriminating fine details to distinguish V-weapons from innocuous pylons. Training is understood to optimize neural circuits that process scene features (e.g., orientation) for particular purposes (e.g., judging position). Yet learning is most beneficial when it generalizes to other settings and is critical in recovery after adversity, challenging understanding of the circuitry involved. Here we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to infer the functional organization supporting learning generalization in the human brain. First, we show dissociable contributions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) versus lateral occipital (LO) circuits: extracting targets from noise is disrupted by PPC stimulation, in contrast to judging feature differences, which is affected by LO rTMS. Then, we demonstrate that training causes striking changes in this circuit: after feature training, identifying a target in noise is not disrupted by PPC stimulation but instead by LO stimulation. This indicates that training shifts the limits on perception from parietal to ventral brain regions and identifies a critical neural circuit for visual learning. We suggest that generalization is implemented by supplanting dynamic processing conducted in the PPC with specific feature templates stored in the ventral cortex. Before training, dorsal, but not ventral, rTMS disrupts perception in noisy displays Training on fine differences boosts feature templates, facilitating detection in noise After training, ventral, but not dorsal, rTMS becomes disruptive for targets in noise Functional reweighting of dorsal and ventral circuits supports learning transfer Using TMS in human subjects, Chang et al. reveal differential roles of parietal and ventral cortex in extracting and discriminating visual targets, respectively. Training on fine discriminations causes a reweighting of the circuit: following learning, ventral, not parietal, activity determines target extraction task performance.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.052
发表时间：
2013-09-23
期刊：
Current biology : CB
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kuai SG;Levi D;Kourtzi Z
通讯作者：
Kourtzi Z
影响因子：
2
作者：
Ellison, Amanda;Cowey, Alan
通讯作者：
Cowey, Alan
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Furmanski, CS;Schluppeck, D;Engel, SA
通讯作者：
Engel, SA
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Li, Wu;Piech, Valentin;Gilbert, Charles D.
通讯作者：
Gilbert, Charles D.
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Janssen, P;Vogels, R;Orban, CA
通讯作者：
Orban, CA