Cognitive Approaches to Ancient Religious Experience
Cognitive Approaches to Ancient Religious Experience
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古代宗教经验的认知方法
DOI：
10.1017/9781009019927.006
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Eidinow E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Eidinow E
古典主义者和宗教认知科学的研究人员都对希腊诸神的独特拟人化本质进行了评论。从马丁·尼尔森（Martin Nilsson）（1925年）观察到“拟人化是荷马和所有后来的希腊宗教的显着标志”，到帕斯卡·博耶（Pascal Boyer），后者最近指出“希腊众神非常拟人化，希腊神话确实像现代肥皂剧，比其他宗教体系更是如此”。 1 但是，虽然这可能是它们独特的特征——学术界断言，在现存的古希腊神的表征中，非人类的神表征非常罕见，特别是与其他文化中神的表征相比2——事实上，正如本章所述，情况更为复杂。希腊诸神以多种形式被代表和崇拜，并且在多种形式之间移动。事实上，理查德·戈登认为，这种可变性是希腊人在艺术表现中将其神性拟人化的原因之一，以便像字典一样创造一种连贯性的幻觉，为那些不断变化的实体创造一些“固定的含义”。 3 本章旨在探讨这种复杂性，研究希腊诸神被视为拟人化的方式（在下一节中，“神圣的外表”），并提出这些看法可能与叙事等特定文化形式相关的原因和方式（“形成上帝概念”）。通过借鉴情境概念化理论，在扎根认知（由劳伦斯·巴尔萨卢提出）的框架内，它旨在探索思想、身体、物理和社会环境在塑造神的概念时如何紧密地联系在一起。
Both classicists and researchers in the cognitive science of religion have commented on the distinctively anthropomorphic nature of Greek gods; from Martin Nilsson, who observed (in 1925) how ‘Anthropomorphism is the distinguishing mark of Homer and all later Greek religion’, to Pascal Boyer, who more recently noted that ‘the Greek gods were extraordinarily anthropomorphic, and Greek mythology really is like modern soap-opera, much more so than other religious systems’. 1 But while this may be their distinctive characterization–scholarship has asserted that across the extant corpus of ancient Greek divine representations, those that are other than human are remarkably rare, especially in comparison with representations of gods in other cultures2–in fact, as this chapter sets out, the picture is more complex. Greek gods were represented and worshipped both in, and moving between, a multitude of forms. Indeed, it has been suggested by Richard Gordon that this variability was one reason why the Greeks anthropomorphized their divinities in their artistic representations of them, in order to create, like a dictionary, an illusion of coherence, some ‘settled significations’ for entities that were otherwise constantly in flux. 3 This chapter sets out to explore this complexity, examining the ways that Greek gods were perceived as anthropomorphic (in the next section,‘Divine Appearances’) and positing why and how these perceptions may have developed in relation to specific cultural forms such as narrative (‘Forming God Concepts’). By drawing on the theory of situated conceptualization, within the framework of grounded cognition (as developed by Lawrence Barsalou), it aims to explore how the mind, body, and physical and social environments were inextricably linked in shaping god concepts