Pesticides and Ecosystems
Pesticides and Ecosystems
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DOI：
10.2307/1308603
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发表时间：
1982-08
期刊：
影响因子：
10.1
通讯作者：
D. Pimentel;C. Edwards
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Pimentel;C. Edwards
美国农业生态系统每年生产50多万吨杀虫剂，用于控制害虫、植物病原体和杂草（美国农业部，1980年）。其中只有1%可能真正击中目标生物（PSAC 1965）。相反，大多数化学品到达农业生态系统的非目标部门和/或作为化学污染物扩散到周围的生态系统。大多数关于农药对环境影响的研究都集中在非目标物种的数量或土地、水和空气的污染程度上（Pimentel 1971，Edwards 1973 a，B，Brown 1978）。很少有调查或评论集中在农药对整个生态系统的影响。特别是，关于农药对整个生态系统影响的大多数方面的信息相对较少，包括物种多样性、生态系统稳定性、食物链、能量流动、营养循环、生物遗传学和物质资源。为了确定易受农药胁迫影响的生态系统的结构和动态相互作用，我们总结了有关生态系统暴露于农药时可能发生的具体变化范围的现有信息，并评估了农药胁迫对生态系统潜在影响的现有知识。
More than 500,000 tons of pesticides are produced annually for application in US agroecosystems to control insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds (USDA 1980). As little as 1% of this may actually hit the target organisms (PSAC 1965). Instead, most reaches nontarget sectors of agroecosystems and/or spreads to surrounding ecosystems as chemical pollutants. Most investigations of pesticide effects on the environment have focused either on populations of nontarget species or on the degree of contamination of land, water, and air (Pimentel 1971, Edwards 1973a,b, Brown 1978). Few investigations or reviews have centered on the effects of pesticides on whole ecosystems. In particular, relatively little information exists on most aspects of the effects of pesticides on whole ecosystems including species diversity, ecosystem stability, food chains, energy flow, nutrient cycling, genetics of organisms, and physical resources. To identify aspects of the structure and dynamic interactions within ecosystems susceptible to stress by pesticides, we have summarized available information on the range of specific changes in ecosystems that may take place when they are exposed to pesticides and have assessed current knowledge on potential effects of pesticide stresses on ecosystems.