Impact of the Temporal Dynamics of Speech and Gesture on Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Impact of the Temporal Dynamics of Speech and Gesture on Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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言语和手势的时间动态对自闭症谱系障碍患者沟通的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.380
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lambrechts A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lambrechts A
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的特点是沟通和社交互动困难。手势或谈话流程的异常经常出现在有助于诊断该疾病的临床观察中，但这些沟通困难背后的机制仍不清楚。虽然针对儿童的研究表明，共同言语手势的使用总体上有所减少（例如，Sowden 等人，2013 年），但 de Marchena 和 Eigsti（2010 年）发现，在成人中，自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 人群和典型发展 (TD) 人群中某些手势的使用频率相似，但自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 个体产生的手势与言语的时间锁定程度不如 TD 个体。这可能表明异常的时间过程会导致自闭症患者的社交技能受损（Allman，2011）。这项研究的目标有三个：1）描述自闭症谱系障碍患者自然语言中言语和手势协调的时间动态； 2）量化自闭症谱系障碍中手势的使用； 3）检验以下假设：语音和手势之间的非典型时间协调会导致沟通质量较低。先前发表的 ASD 记忆研究（Maras 等，2013）的背景提供了检查 16 名 ASD 和 17 名 TD 成年人的视频记录的机会，这些成年人试图回忆起他们参加过的标准化事件（急救场景）的细节。当前的分析旨在通过三种方式量化参与者的交流行为：1）分割视频以识别每个手势并记录其精确时间，旨在确定 ASD 和 TD 参与者是否使用不同的手势； 2）随着时间的推移，提取运动量以及语音的音调和音量，使我们能够表征 ASD 和 TD 个体的手势是否与语音时间锁定； 3）收集纯音频或视听记录中显示的交流质量的主观评分有助于确定手势的使用在多大程度上改善了 ASD 和 TD 参与者的交流质量。总体而言，我们的结果表明，在言语和手势的使用和协调方面没有主要的群体差异：两组随着时间的推移产生相同数量的运动 [t(33)=-0.165，p>.8]，并且 ASD 和 TD 个体在同一时间窗口内产生手势，并且具有相似的分布 (η2p=.042)。同样，在沟通质量的主观评分中也没有发现群体差异：在两组中，手势的使用都提高了听众的理解和参与度。有趣的是，与之前的报告一致，我们发现 ASD 个体平均说话声音比 TD 个体更大 [t(33)=-3.520, p<.005]。值得注意的是，所有测量结果都显示两组之间存在很大的个体差异。目前的数据并不表明 ASD 个体在与交流个人经历的事件相关的时间过程中比 TD 参与者经历更多的困难。然而，巨大的个体差异可能会导致一些参与者的沟通困难。对于未来的研究来说，检查交互过程中交流行为的时间安排非常重要，这不仅要求协调言语与手势，还要求协调自己的行为与他人的行为。
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in communication and social interaction. Abnormalities in the use of gestures or flow of conversation are frequently amongst the clinical observations that contribute to a diagnosis of the disorder but the mechanisms underlying these communication difficulties remain unclear. While studies in children show a reduced use of co-speech gestures overall (e.g., Sowden et al., 2013), de Marchena and Eigsti (2010) found that in adults some gestures are used with similar frequency in ASD and typically developing (TD) populations, but that gestures produced by ASD individuals are less strongly time-locked to speech than in TD individuals. This may indicate that abnormal temporal processes contribute to impaired social skills in ASD (Allman, 2011). The objectives of this study were three-folded: 1) characterise the temporal dynamics of speech and gesture coordination in ASD in naturalistic speech; 2) quantify the use of gestures in ASD; 3) test the hypothesis that atypical temporal coordination between speech and gestures results in a lesser quality in communication. The context of a previously published study of memory in ASD (Maras et al., 2013) provided the opportunity to examine video recordings of 16 ASD and 17 TD adults attempting to recall details of a standardised event they had participated in (a first aid scenario). The current analysis was designed to quantify the participants’ communicative behaviours in three ways: 1) Segmenting the videos to identify each gesture and document its precise timing aimed to establish whether gestures are used differently in ASD and TD participants; 2) Extracting the quantity of movement as well as the pitch and volume of speech over time allowed us to characterise whether gestures were time-locked to speech similarly in ASD and TD individuals; 3) Collecting subjective ratings on the quality of communication displayed in the audio-only or audio-visual recordings helped to establish to what extent the use of gestures improved the quality of communication in ASD and TD participants. Overall, our results indicated no main group difference in the use and coordination of speech and gesture: both groups produced the same quantity of movement over time [t(33)=-0.165, p>.8], and gestures were produced within the same time window and with a similar distribution by ASD and TD individuals (η2p=.042). Similarly, no group differences were found in the subjective ratings on the quality of communication: in both groups the use of gestures improved comprehension and engagement from the listener. Interestingly, in line with previous report, we found that ASD individuals spoke on average louder than TD individuals [t(33)=-3.520, p<.005]. Notably, all measures showed a large inter-individual variability in both groups. The current data do not suggest that ASD individuals experience more difficulties than TD participants in time processes relevant to communicating personally experienced events. However, large inter-individual differences could contribute to communication difficulties in some participants. It will be important for future studies to examine the timing of communicative behaviours during reciprocal interactions, that place demands not only on coordinating speech with gesture but to coordinate one's own behaviour with that of others.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Melissa J. Allman
通讯作者：
Melissa J. Allman
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
de Marchena, Ashley;Eigsti, Inge-Marie
通讯作者：
Eigsti, Inge-Marie
自闭症谱系障碍儿童交流中共同言语手势的发展
影响因子：
1.2
作者：
Hannah Sowden;J. Clegg;M. Perkins
通讯作者：
M. Perkins