Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears
Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears
复制标题
黑熊在人类活动区附近的食物供应和觅食
DOI：
10.1644/12-mamm-a-002.1
复制
发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
P. Alaback
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Merkle;H. Robinson;P. Krausman;P. Alaback
摘要了解觅食生态学和人类主导的景观之间的关系是很重要的，特别是对美国黑熊（Ursus americanus），有时会在荒地和城市地区之间移动觅食。影响这一运动的食物相关因素尚未被探索，但对于理解黑熊觅食行为的收益和成本以及熊冲突的根本起源可能很重要。我们测试了野生食物的稀缺性或城市食物的可用性是否可以解释黑熊在房屋附近觅食的情况，研究了雄性熊与雌性熊相比使用城市地区的程度，并确定了影响熊进入城市地区的最重要的食物。我们监测了16领黑熊和周围的密苏拉，蒙大拿州，在2009年和2010年期间，同时量化的变化率在绿色植被和可用性的5本地浆果生产的物种在市区外，在绿色植被的变化率，和可用性的苹果和垃圾在市区内。我们使用参数时间事件模型，其中事件是在100米的房子内收集的熊的位置。我们还参观了位于房屋附近的喂食点，并量化了熊吃过的食物。熊位于房子附近的概率是男性的1.6倍，并在苹果季节和城市绿化期间增加。果树占城市饲养点的大部分饲料（49%），而荒地食物组成<10%。黑熊觅食人类的食物附近的房子，即使在荒地的食物，这表明没有荒地的食物可能不会影响熊觅食附近的房子的概率。此外，其他引诱剂，在这种情况下，果树，似乎比垃圾的可用性更重要的影响，当熊觅食附近的房子。
Abstract Understanding the relationship between foraging ecology and the presence of human-dominated landscapes is important, particularly for American black bears (Ursus americanus), which sometimes move between wildlands and urban areas to forage. The food-related factors influencing this movement have not been explored, but can be important for understanding the benefits and costs to black bear foraging behavior and the fundamental origins of bear conflicts. We tested whether the scarcity of wildland foods or the availability of urban foods can explain when black bears forage near houses, examined the extent to which male bears use urban areas in comparison to females, and identified the most important food items influencing bear movement into urban areas. We monitored 16 collared black bears in and around Missoula, Montana, during 2009 and 2010, while quantifying the rate of change in green vegetation and the availability of 5 native berry-producing species outside the urban area, the rate of change in green vegetation, and the availability of apples and garbage inside the urban area. We used parametric time-to-event models in which an event was a bear location collected within 100 m of a house. We also visited feeding sites located near houses and quantified food items bears had eaten. The probability of a bear being located near a house was 1.6 times higher for males, and increased during apple season and the urban green-up. Fruit trees accounted for most of the forage items at urban feeding sites (49%), whereas wildland foods composed <10%. Black bears foraged on human foods near houses even when wildland foods were available, suggesting that the absence of wildland foods may not influence the probability of bears foraging near houses. Additionally, other attractants, in this case fruit trees, appear to be more important than the availability of garbage in influencing when bears forage near houses.