NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF AFFECTS - UNIFIED THEORY
NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF AFFECTS - UNIFIED THEORY
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DOI：
10.1080/21674086.1974.11926686
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发表时间：
1974-01-01
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
BRENNER, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BRENNER, C
在情感理论领域，任何试图对心理现象进行有效和有用的概括的努力所固有的复杂性和困难性是非常明显的。每一个接近这个主题的精神分析学家，都是从强调我们理论知识的贫乏和不令人满意的状态开始的，尽管情感在精神分析理论和临床实践中都很重要。当一个人浏览相关的精神分析文献时，他会得到这样的印象：在大多数关于情感理论的讨论中，有两个主要的假设是有效的。正如所料，两者都来自弗洛伊德（1915 a，1919）关于这一主题的著作。一个假设是，情感是恒定的、可识别的心理现象，它们在人与人之间是相同的。因此，我们假定，任何一本词典中所列举的许多情感中的每一种都可以通过在每一个人身上观察到的结果而相互区分并加以研究;例如，恐惧、恐怖、焦虑和恐怖虽然是相关的，但它们是独立的，而且每一种情感本质上都是相同的，不管经历它的人是谁。换句话说，假设基本上每个人都会同意，每个人都“知道”这些影响中的每一个是什么，并且每个人都应该以同样的方式区分彼此。第二个假设是，情感是内心释放的一个方面。正如弗洛伊德（1915 b）所说，它们“对应于释放的过程”（第178页），主要应该从精神能量的角度来理解。换句话说，我们假定任何关于情感的理论本质上都必须是一种经济理论。可能正是由于这个原因，精神分析的情感理论通常很少引用临床数据，尽管有许多文献提到情感在临床实践中的重要性，也有不少文章专门讨论这一主题（例如，Schafer，1964）。
The complexities and difficulties inherent in any attempt to arrive at valid and useful generalizations concerning mental phenomena have been very evident in the field of affect theory. Every psychoanalyst who has approached the subject has begun by emphasizing the meager and unsatisfactory state of our theoн retical knowledge in spite of the importance of affects both in psychoanalytic theory and in clinical practice. When one surveys the relevant psychoanalytic literature one gains the impression that two major assumptions are operative in most discussions of affect theory. As would be expected, both derive from what Freud (1915a, 1919) wrote on the subн ject. One assumption is that affects are constant and identifiable mental phenomena, that they are the same from person to person. Thus it is assumed that each of the many affects listed in any dictionary can be descriptively differentiated from one another and studied as they are observed in each individual; that, for example, fear, terror, anxiety, and horror are separate though related affects and that each is essentially the same, whoever the person may be who experiences it. In other words, it is assumed that basically everyone will agree, that everyone'knows' what each of these affects is, and that everyone should be expected to differentiate each from the other in the same way. The second assumption is that affects are an aspect of inн stinctual discharge. As Freud (1915b) put it, they'correspond to processes of discharge'(p. 178) and are to be understood primarily in terms of psychic energy. It is assumed, in other words, that any theory of affects must be essentially an economic one. It is probably for this reason that psychoanalytic affect theory has usually been presented with relatively little reference to clinical data, though there have been many references to the importance of affects in clinical practice, and not a few articles devoted to the topic (eg, Schafer, 1964).